The prisoner was indicted for the murder of William Taylor, as being present, aiding and abetting Robert Hildreth, whose case has been before the Court at this term. As far as the evidence was stated in Robert's case, it is much the same with that which was given in this case. In addition, however, the witness, Edmund Taylor, stated that as soon as his father made the exclamation that he was killed, he (the witness) jumped off the stack and seized a fence rail to strike Robert, and that the negro took it from him. Robert then got on his horse and the witness cursed him for killing his father; whereupon David said; "Are you cursing me?" and the witness replied that he was not, but was cursing Robert, when David said again, "He is my brother, and if you curse him, I will put balls through you." Then Robert and David rode off together, at the instant William Taylor fell and expired.
Evidence was also given on the part of the prisoner (441) that Edmund Taylor was examined before the coroner's inquest, and then stated that the prisoner made use of the expression, "Take notice, I do not get off my horse," after the homicide, and not before or during the affray; and that he was of weak understanding, and that the prisoner had no pistol with him. On the contrary, evidence was given that he had competent capacity and a good character.
The credibility of Edmund Taylor was much discussed by the counsel on each side. The presiding judge summed up the several suggestions made at the bar on that point, and informed the jury that he had no right or wish to intimate an opinion on them, but that they were to be weighed by them. And he then instructed the jury that, in order to the conviction of the *Page 306 prisoner, it was necessary for the State to establish two things. The first was, that Robert Hildreth killed William Taylor as charged in the indictment — that is, murdered him. And upon that point the jury was instructed that, if upon the whole matter they were satisfied that Edmund Taylor was able and willing to tell the truth and had told the truth, Robert Hildreth was guilty of murder, and the State had made out the first allegation; otherwise, the prosecution was at an end, and the prisoner was entitled to an acquittal.
The second thing to be established was that the prisoner was present, aiding and abetting, at the murder. And the court thereupon instructed the jury that if one who is present does or says anything calculated and intended to make known that he would help, if need be, by taking a part in the fight, or by keeping off others, or by aiding an escape after the deed should have been done, that is an aiding and abetting; and that if the jury should believe that the prisoner made use of the words, "Hush, or I will whip you both," in the manner stated by the (442) witness, with the intention of discouraging and deterring Edmund Taylor and the negro from interfering, that was sufficient to constitute aiding and abetting, and the prisoner would be guilty of murder or manslaughter, as they might find the facts to be on the other points following; that if the prisoner knew, before they entered the field, of the intention of his brother to attack Taylor and to use the knife in the fight, and there was an understanding between them that the prisoner should be present and aid, he would be guilty of murder, as well as his brother; and if there was no such previous understanding, and the prisoner, after he entered the field, discovered that his brother intended to use the knife in the fight in time to have prevented it, he was also guilty of murder; and that, in inquiring whether the prisoner had such knowledge the jury might consider, as a circumstance, that no expression of surprise or regret came from the prisoner after the act was done. But if the prisoner knew of the ill-will of his brother to Taylor, and that he intended to attack him, but did not know of his intention to use the knife in time to prevent it, and the fatal result was unexpected to him, then the prisoner, by reason of his engaging in the unlawful beating, would be guilty of manslaughter, but of no more.
The jury found the prisoner guilty of murder, and, after sentence of death, he appealed. In S. v. Robert Hildreth, ante, 429, the Court had occasion to give an opinion on the degree of the guilt of that person, according to the evidence given by the witness, Edmund Taylor, which was in accordance with the instruction given in the present case, in which the Court confined the attention of the jury, upon that question, to the testimony of that witness only. The facts deposed to by him are (443) substantially the same in both cases; and therefore there is nothing for this Court to add on that point. The only material difference in the cases is that on Robert's trial there was no attempt to discredit that witness, while on David's there was evidence given both of his weakness and of a falsehood or a mistake in his testimony. But no error, as we think, was committed by the presiding judge in respect to that part of the case; for he expressly avoided expressing any intimation of opinion on the credit due to the witness, and as expressly told the jury that it was exclusively for their consideration; and we hold that it was clearly within the appropriate powers and duties of the judge to lay distinctly before the jury the various considerations, arising out of the evidence, tending to sustain or impeach the credit of the witness — leaving it all the while to the jury exclusively to judge of their weight.
The Court likewise agrees that aiding and abetting was properly explained to the jury, and that they might have found the prisoner guilty, accordingly, if he used the words deposed to with either of the intentions supposed; provided, there had been a previous understanding between the brothers that one of them should kill the deceased, or do him great bodily harm, and that the other should abet it by his presence and encouragement. If it could be seen that the verdict was founded on that ground, we should deem it undoubtedly correct in point of law. But that cannot be assumed; because the case was also left to the jury upon a supposition that there was no such previous understanding, and that Robert was guilty of murder upon the malice implied by the circumstances, merely, of the killing — in which case the jury was instructed, in the alternative, that the prisoner was guilty of murder if, after he entered the field, he discovered that his brother intended to use the knife in time to have prevented him. The jury may have given their verdict on this latter instruction; and, therefore, if it (444) ought not to have been given the conviction ought not to stand. The Court is of opinion that it ought not to have been given. It is to be observed, in the first place, that, upon the evidence, there was no opportunity for the prisoner to discover, "after he entered the field," that his brother had prepared or *Page 308 meant to use a deadly weapon, until the rencounter [encounter] commenced; for the two brothers came in opposite directions and had not been together in the field until the prisoner rode up and stopped eight or ten steps on one side of the stack, when Robert and Taylor were on the other. Again, it is apparent that he could not then have made the supposed discovery, until after the fight began, when Taylor retreated past the stack and Robert pursued, so as to bring the parties on the same side of the stack with the prisoner, and in his view. Such is the state of facts to which the instruction is to be applied; and, thus applied, we think it inaccurate. For, supposing the prisoner to have no previous concert with his brother, and that, during the combat, he first discovered that the other intended to use a deadly weapon, we think he was not guilty of murder, although he made the discovery in time to have prevented Robert from actually giving the stabs. For one who is present and sees that a felony is about being committed and does in no manner interfere, does not thereby participate in the felony committed. Every person may, upon such an occasion, interfere to prevent, if he can, the perpetration of so high a crime; but he is not bound to do so at the peril, otherwise, of partaking of the guilt. It is necessary, in order to have that effect, that he should do or say something showing his consent to the felonious purpose and contributing to its execution, as an aider and abettor. Therefore, the proper instruction, in the case supposed, would have been, that if the prisoner, after discovering the (445) deadly intention of his brother, instead of preventing its execution, deterred others from preventing it, or incited his brother to go on, then he would be guilty of murder. If the case had been so put explicitly to the jury, it seems highly probable they could not have convicted the prisoner of murder. For, upon the hypothesis assumed, that the prisoner discovered the fatal purpose of Robert for the first time during the combat, there is nothing to show that he used the expression, "Hush, or I'll whip you," after such discovery, or in any other way gave his sanction to the attempt or the deed. His presence did in no way contribute to the fact; or, at all events, it did not appear that he could have so intended. It is true that he uttered no expression of surprise or regret at the fact; which might, indeed, with other things, have some weight in inducing a belief of some concerted action between the brothers. But, of itself, it affords no evidence that the prisoner assented to or meant to encourage the perpetration of a murder, which he at that time first discovered. Even the witness, Edmund Taylor, expressed no such surprise or regret, though he says the event was *Page 309 unexpected by him, and that he endeavored to avenge it. Indeed, it seems to the Court, upon a calm consideration of the circumstances, there was no evidence upon which the case should have been left to the jury on the question whether the prisoner did aid and abet after his discovery of Robert's intention to use the knife, as already supposed; or, even, on the other question, whether the prisoner knew of such intention of Robert before he actually used the knife in giving the mortal blow. For the witness was in a much better situation to discover it than the prisoner was; and it appears that from the imperfect light, the cautious concealment of the instrument by Robert, and his sudden onset, the witness was unable to perceive the knife, although he looked particularly for that purpose. How, then, can it be inferred, without other evidence, that the prisoner, (446) on the other side of the stack and farther off, saw the knife and immediately knew the extremity to which the assailant would go with it? Upon these grounds the Court deems the conviction erroneous, and directs a venire de novo.
As the case may be brought to another trial upon the allegation of express malice and preconcert between the brothers, it seems proper to dispose of a question of evidence which arose on the former trial and might possibly be made on another. The point was this: The prisoner offered to prove by his sister that, after dark, on the night of the homicide, she heard Robert and David in conversation near their father's, and about three or four miles from Taylor's; and that, before they perceived her, and when the prisoner had no reason to think he was overheard, she heard the prisoner say to Robert, "You ought not to have done so," and that, from his voice, she knew that he was crying. The court rejected the evidence. We concur in the decision. The general rule is that a person's own declarations are not admissible for him. The rule is not founded on the idea that they would never contribute to the ascertainment of the truth; for, very often, they might be entirely satisfactory. But there is so much danger, if they were received, that they would most commonly consist of falsehoods, fabricated for the occasion, and so would mislead much oftener than they would enlighten, that it was found indispensable as a part of the law of evidence, to reject them altogether, except under a few peculiar circumstances. This case does not fall within any established exception. It is impossible to ascertain whether the prisoner had or had not perceived his sister; or whether he had no reason to believe that he was overheard by her or some other member of the family or some one else; or whether his tears were sincere or feigned. It was merely a declaration, *Page 310 (447) subsequent to the event alluded to — if the allusion was to this occurrence — and not forming part of the transaction; and, therefore, the objections on which the general rule rests apply with full force against its admissibility.
PER CURIAM. This opinion ordered to be certified to the court below, that they may proceed accordingly.
Cited: S. v. Boon, 82 N.C. 653; S. v. Howard, ib., 628; S. v. McNair,93 N.C. 630; S. v. Gooch, 94 N.C. 1014; S. v. Rhyne, 109 N.C. 795; S.v. Edwards, 112 N.C. 909.