Jury waived. Trial by the judge. The plaintiff appealed.
The defendant, Hugh A. Barbour, becoming indebted to the firm of W. F. Kornegay Co. in the sum of $2,000 due by notes, to secure the same conveyed to the said creditors, by deed of mortgage, with a power of sale in case of default in making payment, as each became payable, a steam engine and certain other machinery, as also the tract of land described in the complaint, and sought to be recovered in the present action. *Page 168
The indebtedness not having been provided for at maturity, according to the stipulations in the mortgage, the personal property conveyed therein was put up and sold by an agent and attorney of the mortgagees employed for that purpose, and being bid off by the agent conducting the sale, was put down by them to him as purchaser at the price of one thousand five hundred dollars. In like manner, on the day following, and after due advertisement, the land was also sold at the courthouse by the agent, who, on behalf and by authority of the plaintiff (194) Gibson, bid off the same for him at the price of five hundred dollars, and accordingly, on his making payment of the price, the said W. F. Kornegay Co. executed a deed of conveyance therefor to him. The present action was then commenced to recover the possession withheld by defendant, damages for the detention, and to establish title to the premises.
The defense arises out of the foregoing statement of facts, and the defendant resists the claim, insisting upon the absolute nullity of the attempted sale of the personal property, and demanding that the deed, purporting to pass the estate in the land, he declared null and inoperative to divest the defendant of his equity of redemption therein, and that the plaintiff holds the legal estate, clothed with the same attaching trusts as when held by the mortgagees. He also asks for a reference of the account between the parties to the mortgage, claiming that there will be found nothing due from him.
A jury was dispensed with, and the court, by consent, finds upon the testimony of plaintiff's witnesses the above facts. At defendants' instance W. F. Kornegay Co. are made parties defendant by summons, but have failed to make answer or defense. The court, in entering judgment, recites the facts in substance as stated, and proceeds to declare the deed made to the plaintiff by the mortgagees ineffectual to divest or defeat the defendants' equitable right to redeem, and that the trusts of the mortgage follow and adhere to the transferred legal estate in the land, and directs a general account to be taken of the mortgage liabilities between the original parties thereto by the clerk, with the value of the engine and machinery, to the end that it be applied to the secured indebtedness, with leave to said W. F. Kornegay Co., consisting of W. F. Kornegay and C. Dewey, partners, to file their answer within thirty days thereafter, if so advised, and that the cause be retained for (195) further proceedings.
The plaintiff excepted to the said judgment, and assigned as grounds of exception:
1. That his Honor has found as a fact that James T. LeGrand, at the sale of the land, acted as agent of the plaintiff, W. A. Gibson, whereas, upon the evidence, his Honor ought to have found, either as a conclusion *Page 169 of fact or law, that LeGrand was not the agent of the plaintiff at said sale, and did not buy as his agent, there being no evidence of said alleged agency.
2. That his Honor has found that the defendant Barbour was at the sale, but did not have notice or knowledge that LeGrand was bidding for the plaintiff, there being no evidence upon which to base said finding.
3. That his Honor has failed to find that the defendant Hugh A. Barbour made no objection to the sale, though he was present at the sale and had the opportunity, all of the evidence being that he made no objection.
4. That his Honor has failed to find the rental value of the land, all of the evidence showing that it was between $40 and $50 per year.
5. That he has not found that the plaintiff was the owner and entitled to the immediate possession of the land.
6. That his Honor, in the said judgment, has not stated separately his conclusions of fact and law.
From the judgment rendered by the court the plaintiff appealed. We proceed to examine the series of exceptions taken to the rulings of the judge and (196) brought up on the appeal.
First Exception. So far as the finding of the agency of the attorney rests upon the sufficiency and credibility of the testimony in establishing the fact, the finding of the judge is conclusive.
If the objection be predicated upon the absence of any evidence it cannot be sustained, for the attorney expressly states that he acted as such in the matter of selling the property.
Second Exception. The same witness states: "I made the sale for W. F. Kornegay Co., the mortgagees, and bid off the land as agent for Gibson. Mr. Barbour was here and made no objection to the sale."
There was no evidence that the defendant was aware of the fact that the agent, a witness for the plaintiff, knew for whom the land was bid off. This supports the finding.
Third Exception. As every fact must be found upon evidence, and there was none that the defendant had the supposed knowledge, it could not be so found.
Fourth Exception. The court does not find the rental value of the land, for in the judgment following the general statement of facts it is declared that "the rental value of said land was $40 or $50." The exception is founded in error. *Page 170
Fifth Exception. The main and really only point embodied in the fifth exception is as to the effect of the proceedings in conducting the sale upon the title acquired by the plaintiff, in divesting it of the trusts of the mortgage, upon which the ruling is against the plaintiff, and in our opinion it rests upon well established and universally recognized principles of equity. At law, a sale by a vendor directly to a vendee, when one person, is a nullity, since all contracts must be between two or more persons with antagonistic relations as to the subject-matter of the contract; but a deed executed by the owner of land or other property to another person, though the latter accepts the title under an (197) agreement to reconvey at law passes the estate, when the parties are competent to contract; but it may be avoided by persons in interest because, though pursuing the forms of law, such a transaction tends to fraud, under the veil which covers it, and in equity will be avoided if demanded by those who may be prejudiced. The principle is elucidated by Reade, J., in Froneberger v. Lewis, 79 N.C. 426, and reiterated in the more recent case of Sumner v. Sessoms, 94 N.C. 371.
So far has been carried the doctrine of the right to have set aside a sale made by a trustee to one who was buying for him, under a promise to reconvey, that creditors, not secured in a deed of trust, may demand an annulling of the transaction and an execution of the trust, though all others interested in the disposition of the property were content with what was done, and this even after a long interval of delay. Elliott v. Pool, 3 Jones Eq., 17.
Even when the trustee has an interest in the property thus transferred it may be avoided. Hunt v. Bass, 2 Dev. Eq., 292; Boyd v. Hawkins, 2 Ired. Eq., 304.
The principle underlying the equitable rule is in the language of LordEldon in Ex parte James, 8 Ves., 345: "The purchase is not permitted in any case, however honest the circumstances, the general interests of justice requiring it to be destroyed in every instance"; and he uses substantially the same language in reference to a commissioner in bankruptcy, purchasing through a solicitor, in Ex parte Bennett, 10 Ves., 385.
"It is an inflexible rule" are the words of the late Chief Justice, an Associate Justice when they were uttered, "that when a trustee buys at his own sale, even if he gives a fair price, the cestui que trust has his election to treat that sale as a nullity, not because there is, but because there may be, fraud. Brothers v. Brothers, 7 Ired. Eq., 150.
In Joyner v. Farmer, 78 N.C. 196, after land had been bid (198) off by an agent of the mortgagee, the mortgagor being present and not objecting, and as tenant of the latter remaining in *Page 171 possession for a year, nevertheless as no intervening rights had been acquired by others, and no misconduct in the selling was alleged, the mortgagor was held to be entitled to have a resale because, as was said byRodman, J., in the opinion, "the interest of a vendor and a purchaser are so antagonistic that the same man cannot be allowed to fill both characters."
"In all cases where a purchase has been made by a trustee," we quote from section 322 of the first volume of Mr. Justice Story's excellent treatise on Equity Jurisprudence, "on his own account of the estate of hiscestui que trust, although sold at public auction, it is in the option of the cestui que trust to set aside the sale, whether bona fide made or not."
It can make no difference in the result that the same agent employed to make the sale is employed to make the bid for an independent purchaser. There is a legal incompatibility in one man's occupying such adverse relations and representing antagonistic interests in the transaction, and a court of equity will not tolerate the attempt and give efficacy to what is done, when opposed by competent parties in interest. The cases to which the brief of appellants' counsel calls our attention are in no degree hostile to this universally accepted rule. That of Dexter v.Shepard, reported in 117 Mass. 480, simply decides that a trustee, expressly authorized under the deed to purchase at his own sale, may exercise the right by employing some one to bid for him at the sale, and so might the court, directing a commissioner interested in the trusts to make a sale, give him authority to bid, as a means of securing himself against loss, as was done in McKay v. Gilliam, 65 N.C. 130, although the fact does not appear in the report, and so, we think, may this be allowable with the general consent of all who could otherwise (199) make objection to the sale.
The judgment of the court must therefore be upheld, so far as it charges the legal estate vested in the plaintiff with the trusts of the mortgage.
But inasmuch as it is apparent that a sale of the property — some of it at least — is necessary to discharge the secured indebtedness, the attempted sales being out of the way and there being no rule which requires the personal to be put in front of the real estate in disposing of the property, the judgment, giving a day for redemption, should have directed a sale of the land, unless the debt was before paid as "the onlyproperty in controversy in this action."
The case has this aspect: The mortgagee holds, as such, the personal property under the trusts, and has parted with the legal estate in the land by his deed to the plaintiff, with its adhering trusts, and has *Page 172 received $500 in payment therefor. There is no marshaling of the funds required. The land has been sold and the title conveyed. The plaintiff occupies the place of the trustee, so far as the mortgagor is concerned, and he has paid money into the trust fund in the hands of the mortgagees which, if the purchase were upheld, would go in diminution of the indebtedness, and if not, must be restored to the plaintiff, and this would be a self-adjustment pro tanto should the plaintiff again become purchaser.
The presence of the members of W. F. Kornegay Co. in the cause is only necessary to compel the restoration of the purchase money in the event of the land being bought by some one else at a sum less than that already paid, or to return to the plaintiff, should he buy, the excess coming to him.
This is the whole extent of the controversy in the action, and it is limited to the land and the disposition to be made of it. It would be unjust to the plaintiff to allow his action to lose its identity by (200) merging into one of wider dimensions, involving the administration by the mortgagees of the whole trust estate, with which, outside of the land, he has no interest whatever; and this seems to have been comprehended in the action of the court in the form of the judgment. Nor does this practice find any countenance in the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure in respect to a defense or counterclaim. Section 244 only authorizes a counterclaim when, as "a cause of action," it is one "arising out of the contract or transaction set forth in the complaint as the foundation of the plaintiff's claim or connected with the subject of the action," or when the action is on a contract a counterclaim on another and independent contract is allowed. The present counterclaim or defense is not such as the statute authorizes, inasmuch as it goes wholly outside the limits of the complaint, and is foreign to the controversy, which springs out of the plaintiff's action, and introduces a new controversy among the defendants to which he is indifferent. In the case of Hulbert v. Douglas,94 N.C. 128, this practice was declared inadmissible and supported by no known precedent. In this case the court declared that such controversies cannot be "rightfully introduced in the present action, as they are wholly foreign to its purpose, and must be settled in another suit between the defendants themselves. The practice, sanctioned by The Code, does not go so far as to permit the introduction of questions in dispute among the defendants unless they arise out of the subject of the action as set out inthe complaint, and have such relation to the plaintiff's claim as that their adjustment is necessary to a full and final determination of the cause," citing Hughes v. Boone, 81 N.C. 204. *Page 173
So much of the proceeding as looks to an adjustment of controversies arising out of the administration of the whole trust estate by the mortgagees and beyond that which belongs to the land must be declared to be erroneous, and is reversed. The cause will proceed in the court below in accordance with the law as declared in this opinion. (201)
Modified and affirmed.
Cited: Martin v. McNeely, 101 N.C. 638; S. c., 103 N.C. 322;Whitehead v. Whitehurst, 108 N.C. 461; Maxwell v. Barringer, 110 N.C. 83;Cole v. Stokes, 113 N.C. 273; Jones v. Pullen, 115 N.C. 471;Russell v. Roberts, 121 N.C. 325; Monroe v. Fuchtler, ibid., 103; Austinv. Stewart, 126 N.C. 527; Moring v. Privott, 146 N.C. 564; Hayes v.Pace, 162 N.C. 292; Owens v. Manufacturing Co., 168 N.C. 399; Thompsonv. Buchanan, 195 N.C. 158.