Nancy Allred was the owner of the land in controversy, all parties to the land claiming title under her. She died leaving the plaintiffs and defendants her heirs at law. Prior to her death she executed a deed for the land in controversy to the defendant G. D. Allred. The plaintiff Willie Allred, after the death of her mother, instituted an action in the Superior Court against the defendant G. D. Allred, alleging that at the time of the execution of said deed the said Nancy Allred did not have sufficient mental capacity to execute the same. That she did not assume to sue for or in behalf of any children, heirs at law of said Nancy Allred. At July Term, 1903, the cause came to trial, and upon an issue submitted to the jury it was found that the said Nancy Allred did not have sufficient mental capacity to execute the said deed, and it was "Ordered, adjudged and decreed that the land described in the complaint, and which is recorded in Book (444) 99, page 310, in the office of the register of deeds of Randolph County, and which purports to convey the land described therein from Nancy Allred to the defendant G. D. Allred, is void and of no effect; *Page 316 and it is further ordered, adjudged and decreed that the said deed be delivered up and canceled of record; and it is further ordered that the clerk of this court certify a copy of this judgment to the register of deeds of Randolph County, to the end that the same may be registered in the office of the register of deeds for said county."
From this judgment no appeal was taken. The plaintiffs instituted this proceeding for partition, and alleged that they and the defendants are each entitled to one-ninth undivided interest of said land as heirs at law of Nancy Allred. The defendant G. D. Allred says that he is entitled to eight-ninths undivided interest in said land by virtue of the deed from Nancy Allred to himself. He admits that by virtue of the judgment in the case of Willie Allred against himself, she is entitled to one-ninth interest therein. The facts in regard to the execution of the deeds and a copy of the judgment are set out in the answer. The plaintiffs demurred to the answer, for that it appeared upon the face of the complaint that the said deed under which the defendant G. D. Allred claimed had been declared void and canceled. The clerk sustained the demurrer and directed a sale of the land for partition, to which judgment the defendant excepted and appealed to the judge. Upon the said appeal the judge of the district reversed the judgment of the clerk and overruled the demurrer adjudging:
"Upon the record now before the Court the Court adjudges that Willie Allred and G. Dallas Allred are tenants in common in the lands described in the petition, the said Willie entitled to one-ninth and (445) G. Dallas to eight-ninths, and the judgment of the clerk to this extent is reversed and modified."
From this judgment the plaintiffs, other than Willie Allred, appealed. The deed from Nancy Allred to the defendant G. D. Allred conveyed to him the title to the land in controversy. If she was non compos at the time of its execution, the deed was voidable, not void. "The deed of a person of unsound mind, not under guardianship, conveys the seizin." Odom v. Riddick,104 N.C. 515, 17 Am. St. Rep., 686, 7 L.R.A., 118. At her death no estate passed to her heirs at law. They had a right of action and were entitled either jointly or severally, to attack the deed in so far as it affected their rights. Only one of them did so. It is alleged, and the demurrer admits, that she "did not assume to sue for or in behalf of any of the other children." As the basis of her right to sue she alleged that she *Page 317 was an heir of Nancy Allred. This was admitted. The only issue submitted to the jury was directed to the mental capacity of the grantor. The facts appearing upon the pleadings before us are that Nancy executed the deed; that Willie brought the action to set it aside, so that she might inherit her share of the land conveyed; that she prosecuted her action successfully and has the fruits of her victory — one-ninth undivided interest in the land. The brothers and sisters seek to avail themselves of the verdict and judgment in that case to vest title in themselves and to estop the defendant G. D. Allred from claiming any right to or title in the land under the deed. They are not parties to the action. The defendant does not seek to use the judgment as an estoppel or to attack it. He concedes that, (446) as against the plaintiff Willie in respect to her one-ninth, he is estopped. She claims no more, the parties to the action are content to abide its result. When the other plaintiffs, strangers to the action and, as we shall see, not privies, seek to take title under the judgment, or to estop him from denying that they have title, he simply relies upon the well established principle that "Estoppels must be mutual and bind only parties and privies. One who is not bound by an estoppel cannot take advantage of it." For this position he relies upon the numerous decisions of this Court and the uniform current of authority from the time of Coke to this day.Pearson, C. J., in Griffin v. Richardson, 33 N.C. 439, so declares the law. Also in Falls v. Gamble 66 N.C. 455; Ray v. Gardner, 82 N.C. 146,Bryan v. Malloy, 90 N.C. 508. In Peebles v. Pate, 90 N.C. 348, it is said: "Every estoppel must be reciprocal, it must bind both parties; a stranger can neither take advantage of it or be bound by it." Temple v.Williams, 91 N.C. 82. Mr. Starkie says, "When the parties are not the same, one who would not have been prejudiced by the verdict cannot afterwards make use of it, for between him and a party to such verdict the matter is res novo, although his title turn upon the same point." Starkie on Ev., 332.
"Judgments and decrees are conclusive evidence of facts only as between parties and privies to the litigation. And in case of former adjudication set up in defense, it is no bar unless the parties to the first judgment are the same as those to the second proceeding. On the principle that estoppels must be mutual, no person can take advantage of a former judgment or decree as decisive in his favor of a matter in controversy unless, being a party or privy thereto, he would have been prejudiced by it had the decision been the other way." Black on Judgments, section 534. *Page 318 (447) We cannot more accurately state the principles underlying the doctrine of estoppel of record than by using the language of Pearson, J., in Armfield v. Moore, 44 N.C. 157: "According to my Lord Coke, an estoppel is that which `shuts a man's mouth from speaking the truth.' With this forbidding introduction a principle is announced which lies at the foundation of all fair dealing between man and man, and without which it would be impossible to administer law as a system. The harsh words which the very learned commentator upon Littleton uses in giving a definition of this principle are to be attributed to the fact that before his day `the scholastic learning and subtle disquisition of the Norman lawyers (in the language of Blackstone) had tortured this principle so as to make it the means of great injustice': and the object of my Lord Coke was to denounce the abuse which he says had got to be `a very cunning and curious learning' and `was odious' and thereby restore the principle and make it subserve its true purpose as a plain, practical, fair and necessary rule of law. Estoppels must be mutual, that is, if one side is bound the other must be. It only includes parties and privies and does not extend to a stranger." Coke Litt., 252 d.
It is well settled that tenants in common are not privies; they do not claim under each other; they may claim their several titles and interests from entirely different sources. In this respect they differ from joint tenants and coparceners. "Tenants in common are they which have lands or tenements in fee simple, fee tail or for terms of life, etc., and they have such lands or tenements by several titles and not by a joint title, and none of them know of this several, but they ought by law to occupy these lands or tenements in common." Coke Litt., 292.
"It is therefore sufficient description of tenants in common that (448) they are persons who hold by unity of possession." Kent Com., 367.
They may claim by deed, devise or descent, in either case they are deemed to have several and distinct freeholds, "that being a leading characteristic of tenancy in common." "Each tenant is considered solely or severally seized of his land." Kent Com., 368. They can in no proper or legal sense be called privies, because it is said: "In the law of estoppels privity signifies merely succession of rights, that is, the devolution in whole or in part of the rights and duties of one person upon another, . . . the derivation of rights by one person from and holding in subordination to those of another, as in the case of a tenant. No one can be bound by or take advantage of the estoppel of another who does not succeed or hold subordinate to his position." *Page 319 Bigelow on Estoppel, 347; Black on Judgments, 549. That tenants in common are not privies, and are therefore not bound by judgments rendered in actions brought by one of their cotenants respecting the common property, is illustrated by the cases in which it is held that they are competent witnesses for their cotenant. Bennett v. Hetherington, 16 Sergt. R. (31 Pa.), 193, was an action of ejectment for the recovery of possession of the land held by the plaintiff and the witness. The demise was made by the plaintiff alone. Gibson, C. J., after stating the principle that the interest which excluded a witness was not in the subject-matter of the action but in the result or event of it, and that it was not necessary that all of the tenants should join in the devise, said: "Here the plaintiff has elected to sue alone, and what would the witness get by his recovery? The possession of his freehold would not be restored; but for that he would have to bring a second action, in which the record in this would not be competent evidence." The same doctrine is held in Hummett v. Blount, 1 Swan (Tenn.), 385. It is held by this Court that a tenant in common may sue alone. Carson v. Smart, 34 N.C. 369. And in the action (449) of ejectment he would recover to the extent of his right. Holdfastv. Shepard, 28 N.C. 361. It was held in England and in many of the States of the Union that tenants in common could not make a joint demise — that to do so would be calculated to perplex the jury with the trial of a number of titles in one issue. White v. Pickering, 12 S. R., 435. In this case the Court said: "There is no privity between the plaintiffs, the estate of each is distinct from the other and they cannot join in a demise." For a discussion of this question, see Sedgwick Wait on Trial, etc., 300, and cases cited. It was held by this Court in Nixon v. Potts,8 N.C. 469, that they could join; the case being cited in Hoyle v. Stowe,13 N.C. 318. Ruffin, C. J., said that it was held "contrary to the rule in England, which is that as their title is several their demise must also be several. Their demise may be joint because, although they cannot jointly convey the land, they may jointly demise for years, since a demise for years is but a contract for possession, and "their possession is joint." No question of estoppel arose because "the judgment was not conclusive upon the title or right of property, even between the parties. The action could be repeated and the same question retried indefinitely because there was no privity between the successive fictitious plaintiffs. . . . Each successive ejectment was founded upon a new lease, entry and ouster." Sedgwick Wait, sec. 42. The learning upon the subject is of interest, since the abolition of the action of ejectment, with its fictions, only as showing the reason upon which the doctrine of this and some other courts *Page 320 permitting a joint demise was founded. The changes made by the code system by which the jury may, upon appropriate issues, ascertain and declare the interest or estate of each party, either plaintiff or defendant, cannot be extended to work a change in the law of (450) estoppel by record, by which one tenant in common may be estopped in respect to his title by a judgment in an action to which he was not a party. Merrimon, J., says: "One tenant in common may sue in many cases without joining his cotenant. Each has a separate and distinct freehold and he may sue to recover possession when he has been disseized."Overcash v. Kitchin, 89 N.C. 384. It is true that, as against a trespasser having no title, a tenant in common suing alone will recover possession of the whole land. If the land belongs to the plaintiff and other in common he has an undoubted right to expel an intruding trespasser and secure possession, his right being full and complete, although others have the same right. Yancey v. Greenlee, 90 N.C. 317; Brittain v.Daniels, 94 N.C. 781; Gilchrist v. Middleton, 107 N.C. 663. Because of this principle, it does not follow that if one tenant in common takes it upon himself to bring an action for the recovery of the common property, alleging title in himself or in himself and his cotenants, and fails in his action, that his cotenants are thereby estopped. If this be the law, may we not think, with my Lord Coke, that by reason of "a curious and cunning learning" estoppels will become "odious." This Court has never so held. InThames v. Jones, 97 N.C. 121, the Court permitted the plaintiff to sue for the recovery of a tract of land "in behalf of himself and all other persons interested herein as plaintiffs." Davis, J., said: "As to how far the judgment may affect persons made parties under this order we express no opinion. But independent of this, any one or more tenants in common may sue for the recovery of the possession of land."
In Middleton v. Gilchrist, 107 N.C. at page 684, Avery, J., said: "One tenant in common may sue alone and recover the entire interest [italics ours] in the common property as against another claiming adversely to his cotenants as well as himself, though he actually (451) prove title to an undivided interest. This he is allowed to do in order to protect the rights of his cotenant against trespassers disseizors." We think the learned Justice inadvertently used the word "interest" instead of possession. A careful examination of the authorities fails to disclose a single case in which this Court has said that the plaintiff can put in issue his cotenant's interest in the common tenement. The reason assigned by the learned Justice shows that the"entire interest" was not in issue. When the plaintiff shows any interest in himself as against one having no interest he *Page 321 recovers possession of the entire tenement, because he is entitled as against a stranger "to the possession of every part and parcel of the subject-matter of the tenancy." Freeman, section 87. When he secures such possession, it enures to the benefit of his cotenants. The same Justice had occasion to review the authorities in Foster v. Hackett,112 N.C. 546. He says: "It is obvious therefore that one of several cotenants, when he brings an action against a trespasser on the common property and proves title of the other cotenant in establishing his own, may, under the common law practice in ejectment, applied to actions for the possession of land, recover the whole, though he may claim sole seizin in his complaint in himself, just as he can do under the procedure prescribed in The Code (sec. 185) by alleging that the action is brought in behalf of himself and others having a common interest, though it has never been determined in this state how far, if at all, in the action under the provisions of the statute, the cotenants not actual parties would be concluded by the judgment." Allen v.Sallinger, 103 N.C. 14; Lenoir v. Mining Co., 113 N.C. 513. InWinborne v. Lumber Co., 130 N.C. 32, Clark, J., says: "One tenant in common can recover the entire tract against a third party, for each tenant is entitled to possession of the whole except against a cotenant." The correct principle is that in respect to the one unity — (452) the possession — the acts of one tenant in common enure to the benefit of his cotenant, as if an entry be made by one tenant: "As both have an equal right to the possession, the law presumes that if one only enters and takes the rents and profits he does this as well for his companions as for himself." Freeman on Cotenancy, section 166; Day v.Howard, 73 N.C. 1; Caldwell v. Neely, 81 N.C. 114, and many other cases in our Reports. So the possession, or the bringing an action for possession, by one repels the bar of the statute as to all. Locklear v.Bullard, 133 N.C. 260. In respect to title, interest or estate to or in the common tenement they are strangers, and no act done by one can affect, enure to the benefit of or injure the other. Each tenant has a right, by reason of the unity or the fealty which each owes the other, to rely upon his protection of the common possession. In respect to the title no act by one can affect the other, as if one make a deed for the whole land and the grantee go in possession, his possession is that of the cotenant and not adverse until the expiration of twenty years, when the law will presume an ouster. Cloud v. Webb, 14 N.C. 317; Page v. Branch, 97 N.C. 97, 2 Am. St. Rep., 281; Breeden v. McLaurin, 98 N.C. 314; Ferguson v. Wright,113 N.C. 537. It would be an anomaly in the law if one tenant in common could, by matter in pais, deed, or record, estop his *Page 322 cotenant in respect to his title, in regard to which they are absolute strangers. Our researches, with the aid of the excellent briefs of counsel, do not disclose any authority or reported case in which a party has been permitted to rely upon a judgment as an estoppel to which he was not a party or a privy, or which makes any exception to the well-settled rule that estoppels must be mutual. Applying these principles to the record before us we can have no doubt that his Honor was correct in overruling the demurrer. If the action of Willie Allred against (453) the defendant had resulted otherwise, we would not for a moment suppose that the plaintiffs, other than Willie, would be affected by it. Why they did not join her in the action is not suggested, nor are we to conjecture. For the purpose of testing the question, however, suppose that they had released their right of action to attack the deed, or that they were barred by the statute of limitations, or that they were of service to the plaintiff as witnesses — either of which reasons is consistent with the record — can it be that by absenting themselves from the action they can acquire title to property by an estoppel which they could not have acquired as parties to the action? If their contention be sound, the defendant is estopped as to them in the same manner and to the same extent as to Willie, the plaintiff. There is no suggestion that the judgment is competent as evidence; if of any efficacy it is a complete bar and "shuts the defendant's mouth to speak the truth." He has by estoppel lost the title to seven-ninths of a tract of land without having had an opportunity to defend it as against them. This would be to violate first principles and introduce new and dangerous exceptions to the fundamental limitations of the law of estoppels. It would no longer be entitled to the endorsement of judges, and surely it would surprise the great Chief Justice who so ably defended it in Armfield v. Moore, supra.
The plaintiffs say, that conceding the law to be as we find it, the effect of the judgment is to cancel, avoid and utterly destroy the deed; that it is "without legal efficacy, ineffectual to bind parties or to convey or support a right." 28 Am. Eng. Ency., 28, page 473. The argument is ingenious but will not bear inspection. It assumes the very question in issue. As to whom is it void? The parties to the action? Let us reverse the proposition: If the verdict and judgment had been that the deed was valid and effectual, could it be said (454) that it was conclusively so as to the plaintiffs? The answer is obvious. The rule of the law is plain, fair and necessary, and it is just. But they say the judgment is in rem and settles thestatus of the deed. It is not the paper upon which the language of the law is written which vests the title. The Court deals with the *Page 323 deed only as it affects title. This Court has said that the record of a suit between A and B in which the validity of the assignment of a note was adjudged, is no evidence of the validity of such assignment in an action between A and D, the latter not being a party to the former suit. Swepsonv. Harvey, 69 N.C. 387. The action clearly was not a proceeding in rem. If quasi in rem the plaintiff is met with the difficulty that in such actions judgments are only binding between the parties. Black on Judgments, section 793. To the suggestion that if defendant is attacking the judgment as being erroneous, it is sufficient to say that one not a party cannot take any advantage of an erroneous judgment. If Willie Allred was claiming the entire land because of the form of the judgment, the suggestion would have some apparent force. There is another view of this case not adverted to. If the plaintiffs claim that they acquired certain rights of property under the judgment, they should have set up the entire record to the end that the Court could see what was in litigation and what was adjudged. After a careful examination of the authorities and arguments, we think that the judgment of his Honor should be affirmed. It is a mistake to say that his Honor rendered final judgment. The case was not before the judge for judgment, but only to pass upon the appeal from the ruling of the clerk on the demurrer. The Code, secs. 254 and 255. His Honor's ruling remanded the case, in so far as it was before him, to the clerk. As the case is in the court for further orders, the plaintiffs may, if so advised, ask for permission to reply to the answer. Let this be certified.
Affirmed. (455)