The only question presented in this case is: Is the husband liable for the price of goods (ladies' apparel), not necessaries, sold to his wife, after separation, by one who had, previous to the separation, sold to her, on credit at various times, goods which were afterwards paid for by the husband, the seller having been ignorant of the separation at the time of the last sale? What constitutes "necessaries," and what are the nature and extent of the husband's liability for "necessaries" furnished to his wife, either while they are living together or living apart, though discussed at length on the argument here, are not matters necessary to be considered by the Court.
In the case on appeal, it appears that the plaintiffs, on the trial below, abandoned the count for necessaries and relied upon the agency of the wife. His Honor instructed the jury that if they believed the evidence, to answer the issue, "Is the defendant indebted to the plaintiffs, and if so in what sum?" "Nothing."
The defendant's wife had, before their separation, bought goods from the plaintiffs in New York City, and they had sent out monthly statements of account therefor to the defendant at his home in Greensboro, N.C. He never made objection to the course of his wife, and the husband paid some of the bills by his personal checks. After the separation the plaintiffs sold other goods to the defendant's wife, the price of which this action was brought to recover, the plaintiffs having no notice of the separation, although it was known generally in North Carolina and at Greensboro where the defendant resided.
(635) A husband can make his wife his agent, and he will be bound for her acts by the same rules of law as would prevail in the case of any other agency, and the agency may be express or implied, as in other cases. Schouler Dem. Rel., sec. 72; Story on Agency, sec. 7; Meacham on Agency, sec. 62; Webster v. Laws, 89 N.C. 224. That *Page 405 being the true statement of the law, we are of the opinion that upon the facts in this case the instruction of his Honor was erroneous. The matter is one entirely of agency in general; and the agency growing out of the relation of husband and wife by operation of law is not the question involved. The defendant, by his course of acquiescence in the dealings between the plaintiffs and his wife, and by his payment of the accounts, held his wife out to the plaintiffs as empowered and authorized by him to make purchases of goods from them, and such an agency by implication is as binding as if he had expressly authorized her to buy the goods on his account. The implied agency, having thus been established, the plaintiffs had a right to presume that the authority would be continued until they had reason to know that it had been discontinued. Cowell v. Phillips, 11 L.R.A., 182; Story, supra, sec. 470; 1 A. E., 1230, and cases there cited.
The main contentions of the defendant were, first, that the purchase of the goods on credit was the contract of the wife herself and, therefore, void, and as corollary that the defendant husband could not ratify a contract, void and against public policy; second, that the wife's implied authority from the husband to purchase the goods from the plaintiffs, if it ever existed, was revoked by the separation by force of law as in the case of the death of a principal; and, third, that if there ever existed an implied agency between the defendant and his wife, the plaintiffs had notice of its revocation by reason of the fact that the separation was generally known in Greensboro, where the (636) defendant resided.
We think that although the goods were charged on the books of the plaintiffs to the wife, the whole transaction showed that the credit was extended to the defendant, and the manner in which they were charged could not affect his liability, especially as monthly statements of the account were sent to the defendant, some of which he paid by his personal checks without even a word of objection or protest to the purchases by his wife.
In support of the second mentioned contention of the defendant, his counsel cited Pool v. Everton, 50 N.C. 241. In that case the husband and the wife were living apart, and the plaintiff, a physician, attended her in a case of sickness. A public notice by advertisement had been given by the husband, of the separation, and that he would not be liable for her debts, and the plaintiff was aware of such notice having been given at the time he rendered the service. The Court held there, that the plaintiffs could not recover on the ground that he had not shown that the wife had good cause of separation. The question there was not one of general agency, but one of operation of law, i.e., the liability of the husband for necessaries, the husband and the wife living apart. The *Page 406 Court said among other things that a married woman could make a contract for her husband that would bind him, and that the agency might be constituted either by express authority or by implication. The defendant's reliance is upon the following language used by the Court in that case: "But this implication of agency can only be made while the parties continue to live together. If they separate and live apart, the idea of an implied agency is out of the question. The effect of the notice (such as was given in this case) is merely to inform the public of the fact of the (637) separation, which operates as a revocation of any implied agency that existed while they lived together." The language of the eminent judge who wrote the opinion in that case may not convey as clear a meaning as usually characterized his opinions, but we think the reasonable construction of his words must be that, in cases where the husband and wife had separated, no notice of separation need be given to prevent his liability for debts contracted by the wife during the separation — even for necessaries — the law being that if the separation was without good cause on the part of the wife, her debt contracted even for necessaries was not only not binding on the husband, but such creditors made themselves liable to the husband in an action for damages for extending such credit. And we think that while there may be some confusion about the language in the last sentence of the extract from that opinion, the meaning was that the notice given in that case could only affect such creditors as had been, before the separation, dealing with the wife as agent by implication of the husband in respect to matters not strictly to be classed as necessaries for the support of the family.
We think the Court had in mind just such agencies as the one we are treating in this case, as the ones to be affected by the notice.
There was error in the instruction given by his Honor, and there must be a
NEW TRIAL.
DOUGLAS, J., dissents.
(638)