The lessor of the plaintiff was not in possession, and to locate his grant, the plaintiff offered declarations, of one Sloan who was dead, which were not objected to by the defendant, and were received by the Judge. The plaintiff did not claim under Sloan. The plaintiff having made out a primafacie case, the defendant offered to prove a possession under color of title for more than seven years.
The premises in dispute are represented in the diagram by the lines A B C D.
(159)
[EDITORS' NOTE: THE MAP IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.], SEE 15 N.C. 130.] *Page 131
The defendant established title to the lands represented by the lines a a a a, and b b b b, but his grants were both younger than that of the lessor of the plaintiff. To make out his possession, he offered to prove that he had built a mill at E, the pond of which extended near to the point A (represented by the dots), that this mill had been in existence more than seven years; and that during all that time he had been in the habit of cutting timber within the lines of his grant. But it appearing that all the land on which the timber was alleged to have been cut was arable, his Honor refused to receive the evidence, holding that neither of the facts offered to be proved, constituted a possession which, under the act of limitation, would give a title.
The defendant then offered to prove that he was the owner of another tract of land, represented on the diagram by the lines I I I I, which was in cultivation, and the fence of which, running on the line I a B I, for eleven panels, included a few feet at B, of the tracts, A B C D, and a a a a, and that this occupation had continued for more than seven years before the commencement of the present action. (160)
His Honor informed the jury that every trespass which would sustain an action, would not, if continued for seven years, amount to a title. The possession must be obvious and visible, demonstrating unequivocally to the owner, that the wrongdoer intended a claim to the land; that if the fence in the present case made such an encroachment, as must necessarily show such an intent on the part of the defendant, the plaintiff would be barred by seven years acquiescence, but if it did not evince such an intent, then it did not constitute a defense to this action.
A verdict was returned for the plaintiff, and the defendant appealed. It is contended on the part of the defendant, that the evidence of the declarations of Sloan were incompetent; and upon that ground that the judgment ought to be reversed. The objection was not made in the Superior Court; and this Court has not the means of knowing under what circumstances the evidence was received. It might have been by consent. The Court is of opinion that it cannot be made here; and for that reason overrules it, without deciding on the validity of the reasons urged in support of it. *Page 132
The Court likewise concurs in the opinion of the Judge who tried the cause, that the overflowing the land by the mill pond, and the cutting of timber on it, do not singly or together, and by themselves, constitute a possession, on which the statute of limitations can operate.
The overflowing of land by an act not done on it, but by stopping a water course below, on one's own land, is not an ouster of the owner from the land overflowed. There is no entry, which is necessary to make a disseisin. The remedy for the injury is not trespass, but an action on the case for the consequential damages. (Howard v. Banks, 2 Bur., 1113.)
Hence, however long it may continue, it affords, of (161) itself, only a presumption of a grant of the easement, and not of the conveyance of the land.
The other question is not entirely clear of difficulty. The case does not state the extent to which the timber was cut. But the Court rejected all evidence of it; which must be taken, to have been upon the principle, that if carried to the utmost length, it would be insufficient. There is much land in the State, of which nearly the whole value consists in the timber; its fertility not being sufficient to induce a prudent proprietor to erect habitations or clear a plantation on it. In such instances, the timber is frequently all taken off; and it would not seem easy to give more positive evidence of asserted ownership and of enjoyment. On the other hand, any rule that could be laid down would be so wanting in precision as to the extent to which the trespass should be carried, to constitute an ouster, as to leave the whole subject in uncertainty. It is safest to require an actual occupation, such as residence or cultivation; something to make it emphatically the party's close; which is in conformity to the ancient rule of the common law, and also to the application of it to our situation, as early made in this State, in the cases of Andrews v. Mulford,2 N.C. 320; and Grant v. Winborne, 13 N.C. 56. Simpson v. Blount,14 N.C. 34, has been relied on as an authority to the contrary. But that is an exception founded on necessity, and was so considered at the time. The land was swamp, of which no other use could be made in its natural state, but by taking off the timber; which was likened to cutting rushes annually in a marsh. There may be two other exceptions, founded on other grounds. An instance may be, the making of turpentine as practiced in the lower part of the State; which is an operation partaking perhaps, of the nature of cultivation. It cannot be pursued secretly, and does not consist of single acts of trespass, like cutting down trees, and carrying them away, but requires a *Page 133 continued attendance on the land for a considerable portion of the year, and from year to year, as the same trees are worked for several years in succession. But even that has not yet been judicially pronounced sufficient, as far as I am (162) informed. In the case before the Court the land is of the character and quality presented by the general face of the country; and as to that we think the rule established.
His Honor here stated the facts and charge above set forth, as to the possession of the defendant near the point B, and proceeded as follows:
It is objected by the appellant, first: That this instruction is in itself erroneous; and secondly, that if the intention of the defendant is not to be unequivocally inferred from the possession proved of the small piece, it might be from his other possession, and from the other acts of cutting timber, and overflowing the land; and therefore that the evidence to those points ought not to have been absolutely rejected.
It seems to us that the rule is stated by the Judge too strongly, at least, as applied to this case. The operation of the statute of limitations depends upon two things. The one is possession continued for seven years; and the other the character of that possession — that it should be adverse. It has never been held, that the owner should actually know of the fact of possession; nor have actual knowledge of the nature or extent of the possessor's claim. It is presumed indeed that he will acquire the knowledge, and it is intended that he should. Hence nothing will bar him short of occupation, which is a thing notorious in its very nature, and that must be continued seven years, in order to afford him, not that time to bring suit, for redress of a known injury, but full opportunity to discover the wrong. To the extent of the occupation there is, prima facie, no hardship in holding that it is on a claim of title and adverse, and that the owner knew of it. Every man must be considered cognizant of his own title, the boundaries of his land, and of all possessions on it either by himself or others. Ordinarily, possession taken by one of another's land, is of a part sufficient in quantity or value to show to the jury that the possession was taken adversely, and also to afford unequivocal evidence to the other claimant of that intention. And as far (163) as the actual occupation goes, it seems to furnish such evidence, in almost all cases. If indeed, two persons own adjoining lands, and one runs a fence so near the line as to induce the jury to believe that any slight encroachments were inadvertently made, and that it was the design to run on the line, the possession constituted by the enclosure, might be regarded as permissive, *Page 134 and could not be treated as adverse, even for the land within the fence, except as it furnished evidence of the line in a case of disputed boundary. The line being admitted, it would not make a title, where a naked adverse possession will have that effect, because there was no intention to go beyond his deed, but an intention to keep within it; which by a mere mistake he has happened not to do. But in this case, the defendant is really the owner of the land on both sides of his fence for a considerable distance, and for the residue of it claims the land on both sides under the same title, and (if that would make a difference), does not appear to have had any knowledge of the title of the lessor of the plaintiff. Can it be doubted that he intended to assert a title to all the land within his fence? He had distinct deeds for separate parts of the land, it is true. But he had other actual possessions of parts of both tracts lying on each side of the line, which had become one tract to him; and he must have intended to assert a right to the whole of the adjoining land covered by both deeds, and by his possession, to put out all others. The fact of entry into the land being admitted, and the intention thereby to usurp the exclusive possession, being thus established, an ordinary case is made within the statute. The property of so holding will not be denied, while the possession thus gained, is confined to the actual occupancy; for if that be diminutive, the loss of the true owner is equally so. He loses only because he is negligent, and in proportion to his negligence. But in this case the defendant insisted that his possession was not to be limited to his occupancy, but was coextensive with his deeds. The principle is certainly well known and clearly (164) established, that while the possession of a mere wrong-doer is bounded by his close, that of one who enters under title, though it be defective, shall be taken according to his title, and to be an ouster of the true owner to the extent of the boundaries of the deed. It was in reference to this pretension that the instructions complained of, were, as I understand them, given; and I am far from thinking that some modification of the rule such as this case suggested to the Judge, is not necessary; though that laid down by him may not be precisely correct. There are already exceptions, as well ascertained as the rule itself. Thus, if there be two patentees, the entry of the younger on his own land, does not oust the other unless it be on that part of the land which is covered by both titles; and if it be on that part, the possession is confined to the actual occupation; if the elder be also in possession of any part of the same land which is included in both. The question is, whether a further qualification shall *Page 135 be admitted, that when the portion into which the actual entry is made, and possession taken, is very minute, so that an owner of reasonable diligence and ordinary vigilance, might remain ignorant that it included his land, or might fairly mistake the character of the possession, the disseisin shall extend beyond the occupancy? The difficulty upon this subject is analogous to that already mentioned, of saying how much cutting of timber short of all would amount to an ouster. The rule heretofore adopted has been generally delivered in this language, that possession of part is possession of the whole, without saying how much, or what part. But I think it may be properly declared, that it must be of as much as will reasonably denote, both to the other proprietor and to the jury, that the party intended to usurp a possession beyond those boundaries to which his title is acknowledged by all parties. If the defendant had not a good title to adjoining land, his entry on the land of the lessor of the plaintiff would be distinct notice, and could not be deceptive. But when his possession for the most part is rightful, and admitted to be so, and only wrongful to a very inconsiderable extent, it seems to me that he cannot (165) have the benefit of it beyond its actual bounds, unless from that and other circumstances, the jury may reasonably infer, that he intended to make open claim under his deeds to the land covered by both. I should therefore concur in the opinion given by the Judge in the Superior Court, if he had not also said, that the intention of the defendant must be inferred from the possession of that small piece alone, and that the inference of the intention from that must be a necessary one. Although it is the object and the presumption of the law, that the owner will have notice of the possession of an adverse claimant, and of the extent of his claim, and hence the possession of a part is made the possession of the whole against him; yet the possession is never evidence, which of necessity shows the extent of the claim, unless the actual possession be of the whole. When it is of part, it is deemed sufficient and reasonable evidence, and puts the owner to ascertain the extent of the deed, or be bound by it. I think, therefore, the jury should not have been instructed to find for the defendant, unless they thought the encroachment of the fence necessarily showed the owner that the defendant intended to claim the land; but ought to have been instructed, that although the defendant might not have taken possession by mistake, supposing the land not to belong to the lessor of the plaintiff, but to be within his tract I I I I, but did take it under claim of title in himself under his patent for a a a a, yet, as he actually occupied so small a parcel, the *Page 136 plaintiff was entitled to recover the residue, unless all the circumstances of that possession, and other acts of the defendant, furnished reasonable notice to the owner, of the defendant's claim to the tract of a a a a.
In this point of view, the evidence rejected became important. Although cutting of timber and overflowing the land, do not amount of themselves, to an ouster, yet being done without the leave of the owner, they give a character to the entry into another part, and also furnish evidence of it to the owner. The jury might fairly infer from it, not only that the (166) defendant did claim the land, but that the lessor of the plaintiff knew he claimed it and was not a mere wrongdoer without color of title. I think that in such a case as this there ought to be some evidence of the owner's knowledge of the claim, besides the mere possession of so small a parcel. This might have been shown by an express declaration of the defendant to him, and upon the same principle may be inferred from any other circumstances, which, though in themselves, not amounting to a disseisin, would denote the quo animo, with which the possession of the small part was taken.
PER CURIAM. Judgment reversed.
Cited: Dobbins v. Stephens, 18 N.C. 7; Carson v. Burnett, Ib., 553;Bynum v. Carter, 26 N.C. 313; Williams v. Miller, 29 N.C. 188;Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, Ib., 315; Lenoir v. South, 32 N.C. 240; Loftinv. Cobb, 46 N.C. 411; Morris v. Hayes, 47 N.C. 96; Everett v. Dockery,52 N.C. 392; King v. Wells, 94 N.C. 352; McLean v. Smith, 106 N.C. 176, 9, 181; S. v. Boyd, 109 N.C. 758.