The rule does not extend further as a rule of law, but is a question for the jury. In Catling v. Skoulding, 6 Term. Rep. 189, it was held, that mutual accounts containing items in time, take the case out of the statute of limitations, independent of the exception; for the entering a new item, and giving credit by a party, is evidence to prove a promise to account. See Heyling v. Hastings, 1 Lord. Ray. 421. 2 Saun. Rep. 127, a. note. But whatever might have been the old doctrine, as to an acknowledgment taking a case out of the statute, it is now the better opinion, that the action is founded on the new promise, which must be an express one; or there must be such an admission of facts, as clearly shows, out of the party's own mouth, that a certain balance is due, from which the law can imply an obligation and promise to pay; or that the parties are yet to account, and are willing to account and pay the balance then ascertained. See Bank of Newbern v.Snead, 3 Hawks, 500. Peeples v. Mason, 2 Dev. 368. Ballenger v. Barnes, 3 Dev. 460. Danforth v. Culver, 11 John. 146. Lawrence v. Hopkins, 13 John. 288. Coltman v. Morsh, 3 Taun. Rep. 380. Pitman v. Foster, 8 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 67. Acourt v. Cross, 11 Eng. Com. Law Reps. 124. And the case, upon all the circumstances, ought to be left to the jury to find the promise.
2nd. This is not an account current; on one side there is but one item; and accounts to take a case out of the statute must be mutual, and must have reference to each other. Mere counter-charges will not have that effect. — It has been decided, that if there be mutual running accounts oneach side, then a new item in either account, within three years, may take the whole account, *Page 323 on both sides, out of the statute; each party in that case, being considered as having suspended the application for payment, on his side, of the demand, in faith of the mutual dealings. 1 Chitty's Prac. 777. Catling v. Skoulding, 6 Term Rep. 189. Peake's Rep. 121. 2 Saund. Rep. 125, 127, notes 6 and 7. But it seems to us, that the true principle to be extracted from these decisions, applies only in those cases, where these items are clearly parts of one continuing, mutual account, which, by the assent of the parties, are to be charged therein, whenever the same shall be adjusted. This assent may be shown by direct evidence of an agreement to that effect. It may be inferred also, when each party keeps a running account of the debits and credits of the account; or where one only, with the knowledge and concurrence of the other, is confined in to keep the account of all the mutual dealings. In these cases, the new items are evidence affirming the continuance of an unsettled account at that time, and warranting the fair presumption of a promise to settle it, and to pay the balance, which may be ascertained on settlement. The whole of the reciprocal demands, comprehended in such running accounts, are thereby taken out of the statute; the account is not to be split; but what shall be found upon all the items to be the balance, is the true debt between the parties. That the mere fact of the existence of disconnected and opposing demands between two parties, one of which demands is of recent date, shall take the case out of the operation of the statute; shall be evidence of a promise to pay that other, or to allow it in a settlement, is, in our opinion, not an inference of law or of reason, although some adjudications, and several loose dicta, appear to sanction it. It would operate in practice to deprive a party of the privilege to oppose two defences to a claim which he denies — set-off, and the statute of limitations. The case before us, does not state any evidence of an account-current between the parties, unless such an account is necessarily to be implied, from the fact of opposing demands. It does not appear that the payment by defendant's testator, to the creditor of the plaintiff, of the sum of three hundred and thirty-two dollars, was intended *Page 324 to be on account of, or in part payment of the plaintiff's demand. It was apparently wholly disconnected therewith. The defendant offered it merely as a set-off. If it had been in part payment, it would have taken the case out of the statute; it would have been a substantial admission of a continuing liability. Burleigh v. Stott, 8 Barn. Cres. 36; 15 Eng. Com. Law Rep. 151.
This Court being of opinion, from the case stated, that there were not mutual, open running accounts between the parties, so as to bring the case within the rule supposed by the Judge; a new trial must be granted.
PER CURIAM. Judgment reversed.