All the points involved in the two appeals seem to us to have been settled, if not directly, by necessary implication, by adjudications already made in this court. In Wagstaff v. Smith,39 N.C. 1, it was held that a tenant in common, in possession and sole enjoyment of the common property was protected by the statute of limitations from accounting with his co-tenants, for rents and profits received more than three years prior to the bringing of the action; and that interest should be allowed against him, only from the time of actual demand made, or suit instituted. The decision (460) proceeding upon the idea that, under the statute of 4th Anne, which gave the right of action to one co-tenant in common against another in possession, to call him to account, as bailiff, for what he had received in excess of his own share, it was the receipt of the profits which created the cause of action, and that it did so immediately andtoties quoties whenever it occurred; though as to the point about the interest, it was put upon what certainly seems to be an inconsistent ground, that money payable on demand drew no interest until demand made, either actual or by suit.
But the case itself was not permitted to stand long as an authority. InNorcot v. Casper, 41 N.C. 303, the point as to the statute of limitations in such cases, again came before the court and after much consideration, all three of the judges delivering opinions seriatim, it was conceded that the decision in the former case could not be sustained, either upon principle or authority; and accordingly the same was in terms overruled.
In discussing the question, in this latter case, it was said, that the effect of the statute, (it being the same with Rev. Code, ch. 31, sec. 99,) was to introduce between the parties the relation of principal and bailiff, as fully and effectually, as if the same had been done by express agreement and stipulation, on the part of one to act for all; and that, inasmuch as the statute would not begin to run, in case there had been this express understanding between the parties, until a demand and a refusal, or the office of bailiff had terminated, so neither could it in the case of the implied agency, under the statute. "The statute of limitations begins to run only when the cause of action accrues, and the cause of action cannot accrue until the one withholds what the other demands, or is presumed to demand, and as in every other agency, a demand is not presumed until the relation ceases." Again, it was said, that until the demand and refusal, (461) the defendant is not in fault; it is the refusal which puts him in *Page 360 the wrong and exposes him to the action. He is deemed in law to have, by express contract, assumed to receive for his companions, their shares of the profits, from time to time as they shall accrue, and so long as he continues to do so, his agency lasts, and there can be no adverse relations between them, which can give rise to a cause of action; and consequently the statute of limitations was not allowed to prevail as a defence in that case.
Now does not the same reasoning apply with equal force to the point about the interest? Indeed, does it not render the decision in Wagstaff v.Smith in regard to that question, consistent with the reasoning in both cases, and put it upon impregnable ground?
If the statute has the effect, for one purpose, of establishing a contract on the part of the defendant to act as bailiff for the plaintiffs, that is, as their agent to receive and hold the profits, as they shall accrue, to their use and to account for the same when demanded, it must do so for all purposes. If an agent, either by express stipulation or by legal intendment, he is not liable for interest before demand and refusal or suit brought. As said in Hyman v. Gray, 49 N.C. 155, being an agent, he was not bound to seek the plaintiffs for the purpose of paying over to them; and if he had paid when demand was made, there would have been no default on his part, and he would not have been chargeable with interest at all. And there can be no principle upon which he can be charged with it, farther back than the date of demand.
If his refusal to account can have relation, so as to give the plaintiffs interest from the date of each annual receipt of profits, it must necessarily have the further effect to let in the defence of the statute of limitations; for the one is correlative of the other. (462) When, then, did the defendant's liability for interest begin in this case? In the opinion of the court it began in 1873, when, in the action for partition, he set up his plea of sole seizin and thereby ended the confidential relations subsisting between his co-tenants and himself, and determined his office of bailiff. It would be assured to say that, by setting up an adversary claim to the land itself, he did not deny the right of the plaintiffs to have an account from him of the profits issuing thereout. In fact, but for the analogy to the rule which prevailed in the action of ejectment, and according to which the action for mesne profits did not accrue until after judgment in the main action, nor the statute of limitations begin until after possession taken thereunder, we should have been obliged to hold that the whole of the plaintiff's present cause of action accrued at that time, and the statute then put in operation against it.
As it was, we think his Honor should have instructed the jury, that the plaintiffs were entitled to interest upon the aggregate amount in *Page 361 the hands of the defendant, and held by him to their use, at the commencement of the said proceedings for partition, and upon the rental value of each and every year thereafter.
As we have seen, the law implies a contract on the part of the defendant, under the circumstances, to account and pay on demand; and the statute governing the case (Rev. Code, ch. 31, sec. 90) declares that "all sums of money due by contract of every kind whatever, excepting only money due on penal bonds, shall bear interest." Barlow v. Norfleet, 72 N.C. 35. As this, however, can be corrected by a simple calculation, it is not necessary to disturbed the verdict, but only to modify the judgment in this particular.
As to the deed from the plaintiffs, Allen M. Martin and wife, to the defendant, we are of the opinion that it cannot have the effect given to it of passing the rents theretofore accrued. These sums had ceased to berents, or in any wise incident to the land, and had become a debt due from the defendant personally to the plaintiffs (463) for moneys had and received to their use. To manifest an intention to pass sums so held, requires something more than the mere use, in the habendum of a deed, of the terms, rents and profits, as being appurtenant to the land conveyed; and this, independently of the technical rule, which restricts the operation of the habendum to that which is subject matter of the premises of the deed.
The judgment of the court below is therefore affirmed except as to interest, in which particular it will be modified as herein declared.
PER CURIAM. Judgment accordingly.
Cited: Brem v. Covington, 104 N.C. 594; Young v. Young, 115 N.C. 113;Boone v. Peebles, 126 N.C. 826; Locklear v. Bullard, 133 N.C. 266;Chatham v. Realty Co., 174 N.C. 674; Lawrence v. Heavner, 232 N.C. 559.