The plaintiff claimed the land on which the alleged trespass was committed, under a deed from Daniel Glisson, Sheriff of Duplin, to one Jacob Williams, dated 23 January, 1793, and *Page 191 produced the judgment and execution under which the land was sold. Jacob Williams died in October, 1823, and the land descended to his daughter, the wife of the present plaintiff — the plaintiff and those under whom he claimed had been in the actual and continued possession of different parts of the land conveyed by said deed, from the time of the purchase by said Williams, till the time of the trespass complained of and had held it under known and visible lines and boundaries. Between some of the different parts of the land, one George Houston had obtained two patents; the one dated 29 November, 1803, the other 28 November, 1818; and under said patents, had taken and held possession by tending turpentine boxes, from the day of their date; but between one part of the land so possessed by the plaintiff, and that upon which the alleged trespass was committed, no grant intervened — of the land claimed by the defendant, and which was also within the boundaries of the deed under which the plaintiff claimed, there was no actual possession of the plaintiff or those under whom he claimed, except as proved by a witness named Woodward, (233) who testified that in 1829 by permission of the plaintiff, he tended turpentine boxes situate as well on the lands within the bounds of the defendant's patent as on that within the bounds of the plaintiff's deed and without those of the defend ant's patent — the said witness agreeing to pay the plaintiff one-third of all the turpentine he should make on the land — the witness with the consent of the plaintiff continued to tend said trees till April or May, 1830, when he was ousted by the defendant; this was before the commencement of this suit. After Woodward was ousted from the land, he abandoned his interest therein, and the defendant entered and took possession of and appropriated to his own use a quantity of the turpentine made by Woodward. The defendant's grant was dated 29 December, 1829. He also produced a patent to Jacob Williams under whom the plaintiff claimed, for a part of the tract contained in Glisson's deed to Williams, dated 23 November, 1832. The defendant also proved the declarations of said Jacob Williams, subsequent to the date of his deed from Glisson, that the land granted to the defendant was vacant, and further proved, that it was, since the date of said deed, actually entered as vacant land by said Williams.
The jury were instructed, that if they believed the evidence, they might presume a grant from the State for the land in controversy; that the deed from Glisson to Williams was a color of title and might be taken into consideration by them as a circumstance in raising that presumption — but that *Page 192 presumption might be rebutted by evidence on the part of the defendant. They were further instructed, that under the act of 1791 (Rev., c. 346), if the plaintiff or those under whom he claimed had been in the actual and continued possession of any part of the land, contained within the boundaries of the deed from Glisson to Williams, for twenty-one years, under known and visible lines and boundaries, he had acquired a valid and indefeasible title thereto, and that no circumstance which could be offered or proved by the defendant to rebut the (234) presumption of a grant having issued, would be of any avail to defeat the plaintiff's title so acquired. His Honor also instructed them, that if the plaintiff had possession of any part of the land contained within the bounds of the deed from Glisson to Williams, such possession was in law considered the possession of the whole land contained within said deed, except so far as the defendant or any other person had a paper title for a part of said land accompanied by a seven years continued adverse possession, and that if they believed the testimony, the plaintiff had such a possession as would enable him to maintain this action.
Pursuant to these instructions the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff, and a rule for a new trial being discharged, the defendant appealed to this Court. The counsel for the appellant has made several points, of which, that principally relied on is, that the Judge of the Superior Court erred in holding that, under the Act of 1791, a possession of twenty-one years with color of title under known and visible boundaries, constitutes a valid title, and that no evidence tending to rebut the presumption that a grant had in fact issued, can defeat such title.
The act is entitled, "an act for quieting ancient titles and limiting the claim of the State;" and its enacting words are, that such possessions shall be a legal bar against "the entry of any person under the right or claim of the State to all intents and purposes." Stronger or more precise language could not be used to take away the right of entry of all persons but the possessor and thereby to confirm his. The act is plainly upon its face a statute of limitations, to operate against the sovereign. It was not intended to prescribe a rule of evidence, from which presumptions of fact were to be made by the Court or jury. None was necessary, for before the act a grant might be presumed as well as any other deed. It is true that in the *Page 193 preamble, the necessity for passing the act is stated to arise from the loss of grants, and therefore the act rests upon a presumption that a grant has issued. But that does (235) not change the nature nor the effect of the enactments. Similar presumptions are the grounds of all statutes of limitation. They are not presumptions which are to be deduced under the law, but have been already drawn by the legislators and produce the law which prescribes a positive rule to the judicial tribunals, without reference to the actual presumptions they might form in each particular case. The anonymous case in2 N.C. 466 was cited for the defendant, but it does not support the argument. What is there said is true in reference to the question then before the Court. It was a caveat of an entry, in which the caveator relied on a possession of 21 years. A caveat implies that the land is vacant; and the contest is, which of the parties shall have the grant, which both of them admit that one or the other of them must have. Laws 1777, c. 114; Laws 1779, c. 140. McNeill v. Lewis 4 N.C. 517. It is absurd to say that one is entitled to a grant now, because he already has a legal title. The case only decides, that if the caveator had a title, either by grant shown or presumption of a grant, it was not competent for him to prove it, because in that very proceeding he admits as it were of record, that he had not a legal title.
The character of the act of '91 is not however now to be declared for the first time. In Fitz Randolph v. Norman, 4 N.C. 564, Chief Justice TAYLOR said, the design of it was to give that protection to individuals against the State, which the act of 1715 had afforded them against each other; in other words to render possession a positive bar. In Tate v. Southard, 8 N.C. 45, Chief Justice HENDERSON said, if it be necessary, when one brings himself within the act of '91, to presume a grant, it is a legal presumption which cannot be contradicted; and a verdict which in such case expressly finds that a grant did not in fact issue, would, as to that part of the finding, be disregarded. In Rhem v. Jackson, 13 N.C. 188, he again remarks, that the possession of 21 years is substituted by the act for (236) the grant itself. The Court is of opinion, that the Superior Court did not err in the instructions given on this point. The effect of the grants to other persons and the possessions under them, if there were such possessions, continued for seven years, could do no more than defeat the title of the plaintiff to the lands covered by those grants in the same manner as if the plaintiff made title by patent to the whole tract. *Page 194
The appellant's counsel has made no objection in reference to the foregoing point, to the rules laid down by the Judge as to the extent of the plaintiff's possession, resulting from an actual occupation of part of the land. The record, however, states an opinion of the Judge upon that subject, in which this Court does not concur, and which seems to be so obviously erroneous as to induce the belief that there is an inaccuracy in the transcript. The observation is that the plaintiff's possession of a part was the possession of the whole tract covered by the deed "except so far as the defendant or any other person had a paper title for a part of his land accompanied by a seven years continued possession." Now it is true, that the plaintiff's title after being matured by a possession of 21 years, might be defeated as to a part of the land by an adverse possession of that part for seven years under color of title, and by that means only. But his possession of the whole in virtue of his actual possession of part is true only so long as no other is in the actual possession of any part. As soon as another takes possession of any part, either with or without a paper title, the plaintiff loses the possession of that part. For this error, could it affect the rights of the parties, the judgment would be reversed, if the case as of record in the Superior Court be the same as in the transcript here. The Court does not deem it necessary to ascertain whether it be the misprision of the clerk, because the point is immaterial; since, in the opinion of the Court, neither the defendant nor any other person was in the adverse possession of the land on which the trespass was committed.
The appellant contends the contrary, as another point. (237) As to that, the case is, that the plaintiff's deed and the defendant's grant cover the locus in quo, which is altogether woodland; the plaintiff was actually living on another part of his tract, and made a contract with one Woodward in 1829, that the latter should make turpentine on the land on shares, which he did as well without as within the lines of the defendant's grant, until the spring of 1830, when the defendant claiming under a grant, issued in December 1829, ordered him off and took the turpentine that was then made; for which acts this action is brought.
It is objected first, that Woodward had the actual possession at the time of the defendant's entry, and that the plaintiff's constructive possession terminated when Woodward's began. It is conceded, that a constructive possession lasts only until there is an actual possession. But it is a mistake to call the plaintiff's a constructive possession; that is such a possession as *Page 195 the law carries to the owner by virtue of his title only, there being no actual occupation of any part of the land by anybody. Upon a possession of that sort, the statute of limitations can never operate. But when the owner is actually possessed, by residence for instance, of part of a tract of land, he is actually possessed of the whole that his deed covers, whether within his inclosure or not, unless another either actually occupies adversely a part, and thereby destroys the first possession as to that part; or unless part of the land be covered by deeds, and neither claimant be seated on that part, but each is on other portions of their respective tracts, in which case the actual possession of what is within both deeds is adjudged in him who has the title. The possession of the plaintiff was therefore actual in the locus inquo, at the time Woodward came upon the land. Nor did it cease, when he did come. Woodward had no possession in exclusion of the plaintiff, who continued to reside on his land. There was no lease, nor a right to any determinate part of the land vested in Woodward, who had at most, a license only to make turpentine from the growing trees on the land on which the plaintiff lived; he (238) was a mere hireling, to be compensated by a part of the product of his labor, and had no more interest in the soil than any other servant. The present property and possession of the land were in the plaintiff; and the cases cited in the argument, are direct authorities that the plaintiff alone may maintain his action for the entry of the defendant. As to the trespass in taking away the turpentine, it might well be held that the whole property in it was in the plaintiff; as when a planter agrees to give a part of the crop as overseer's wages. But the case does not require of the Court to consider that question. For if the property of the turpentine were in both Woodward and Graham, the judgment cannot be reversed. The objection comes too late; for even if the part ownership of the plaintiff appears in the declaration, it is not a ground for arresting the judgment, because it might have been pleaded in abatement. Addison v.Overend, 6 Term, 766. Unless the non-joinder be pleaded, the defendant must rely on getting the damages apportioned at the trial; and if the jury did not do it (which would be here presumed), the plaintiff, and not the defendant has ground for complaint.
It is objected secondly, that the case states that the defendant ousted Woodward, and "afterwards" took away the turpentine; and does not state the re-entry of the plaintiff; and therefore no action for the turpentine will now lie for the plaintiff. It is true, that for acts done after an ouster, no action lies until *Page 196 a re-entry, but only for the first entry. The case does not show whether or not the turpentine was made, and had been collected by Woodward, and merely left by him on the land when he went away. In that case it was a mere personal chattel, and trespass would lie for taking it at any time, the plaintiff having a present property in it, and right of possession. But if the defendant collected it from the trees, it would be otherwise, and the plaintiff must show a re-entry. This, the Court thinks he has done. The locus in quo, was altogether wood land, to which the plaintiff had a good title, and of which he had, in our sense of the terms, the actual possession of a part of the (239) larger tract on which he lived, as already shown. The defendant did no act like permanent occupation, but merely entered and carried off the turpentine. In England an actual re-entry upon the locus in quo, is necessary, because possession by actual occupation of the very part is requisite to maintain trespass. But here even a constructive possession suffices. In this case, however, as soon as the defendant put his foot of the land, the exclusive possession vested again in the plaintiff; which is tantamount to actual re-entry. If one cut trees on the wood land of another, on which the latter lives, and does this from day to day, and nothing more is done, this is not a disseisin, but a trespass on the other's possession; which is actual and exclusive as the trespasser from time to time departs. The one does not gain a possession by such acts, nor the other lose it.
The Court does not examine the remaining point; which is, that a naked possession by an intruder on the land of the sovereign, will not maintain trespass even against a wrong-doer; because the opinion has already been given, that the plaintiff is not an intruder, but has gained a perfect title under or against the State. The judgment is affirmed.
PER CURIAM. Judgment affirmed.
Cited: Ring v. King, 20 N.C. 305; Treadwell v. Riddick, 23 N.C. 58;Bynum v. Thompson, 25 N.C. 581; Smith v. Ingram, 29 N.C. 179; Lamb v.Swain, 48 N.C. 372; Scott v. Elkins, 83 N.C. 427; London v. Bear,84 N.C. 272; Maxwell v. Jones, 90 N.C. 327; Mobley v. Griffin,104 N.C. 115; S. v. Boyce, 109 N.C. 751; Mitchell v. Bridgers,113 N.C. 69. *Page 197