No precise definition of a homestead is given in the Constitution, and it would only mislead us if we should look into dictionaries or the laws of other States and take the definitions there given as fixing the meaning of the word as given in our laws. We must look to our own legislation alone to ascertain what it is.
It seems that the idea of a homestead which the framers of our Constitution had in mind was ownership and occupancy of land exempted from execution obtained on any debt during the life of the owner. (Art. X, sec. 2.) To this original conception was added a continuance of the exemption during the minority of any one of the owner's children; (sec. 3) and if he died leaving no children, but a widow, the exemption continued during her life. (Sec. 5.) The idea apparently was that the exemption should attach to the property of the owner, or to some part of it, during her lifetime, which implied that the property should be valued and designated, or set apart from his other property during the debtor's lifetime. We infer this from sec. 3. "The homestead after the death of the owner thereof shall be exempt, c., during the minority of any one of the children." It is implied that the ancestor had been the owner of the homestead, by which, in this connection, must be meant a part of his property set apart and designated as exempt, and not merely land occupied and owned by him. So in sec. 5: "If the owner of a homestead die leaving a widow, c., the word must have the same meaning."
The whole design of the Constitution, so far as it can be gathered from Art. X, was to exempt property of a debtor to a certain value from execution for debt.
No trace appears of any intention to enlarge the dower or post obit estate of a widow at the expense of the heirs of her husband. She was not to take the homestead of her husband except in the event of there being no children, either minors or adults. (Sec. 5.) *Page 111
In 1869 (Acts 1868-'69, chap. 137,) the Legislature undertook to carry the provisions of the Constitution into effect, and to prescribe under what circumstances, how, and by whom, the homestead should be valued, designated and set apart for and during the time fixed by the Constitution, to wit: the minority of the youngest child.
It is argued that the Legislature did more than this. For example, by sec. 7, they allowed a homestead to be laid off to any resident of the State, whether he was a debtor under execution or not. And also that by sec. 10, they allowed the widow of any person entitled to a homestead, although it had not been laid off in his life time, either upon her separate action, and then successively to the minor children of the deceased owner of land, or else jointly with the minor children to have a homestead laid off to her or them from the land of the deceased, whether he left creditors who might have execution upon the land or not.
It is under this section, and under this interpretation of it that the plaintiff claims in this case.
We will note here that throughout this discussion we omit from consideration the personal property exemption altogether, and nothing said herein is intended to have any application to that, except so far as the reasoning may incidentally and necessarily affect it.
It may also be said incidentally, and not as having any direct bearing on the present case, that the language of sec. 10 is so vague that however we may interpret it in the present case, unless changed by the Legislature, a good many obscure and embarrassing questions will arise upon it. For example, must the widow join with the minor children, or may she or they sue alone without the consent and against the interest of the other? Is the widow entitled to have the homestead laid off to her as her sole property first; and then (after her death) may it be laid off to the minor children? If laid off to all jointly, what is the nature of the estate? *Page 112 Can it be partitioned, and in the event of a disagreement, who is to control and manage the property? We do not now consider, much less undertake to decide, such questions.
The question before us, is, whether under sec. 10, the widow and minor children can jointly or separately (for we omit for the sake of the argument the consideration that in this case one minor child dissents from the claim) require a homestead to be assigned to her or them under the circumstances? The material circumstances are that the intestate owes no debts or none beyond the ability of his personal property to pay; that his land is worth 8500, and that he left a widow and three children of whom two are minors, and only one of these joins in the petition.
More generally expressed the question is, can a homestead be laid off for a widow after the death of her husband, he owing no debt?
We will not question that the Legislature had the general power to increase the widow's dower or other estate in her husband's lands after his death, and to give her all his lands (not exceeding $1,000 in value) for her life to the exclusion of an immediate estate in the heirs. It is simply a question of intention.
The subject matter of the Act of 1868-69, is the homestead as provided for and in a general sense defined by the Constitution. The purpose of a homestead law is to regulate between a debtor and his creditors, and to affect other interests incidentally only, and to the least possible degree consistent with its main purpose.
The present Act does not profess to deal with any other subject but homesteads. To undertake in it the regulation of the respective estates of a widow and the heirs when there were no debts, would be an abrupt and unnatural departure from the subject in hand. We think the Legislature still had in mind the idea of a homestead as property needing exemption, and that sec. 10 applies only where there *Page 113 are creditors of the deceased owner. It may be laid off as a protection against creditors, but it is valid and available against them only. As between the widow and the heirs, the estate goes under the general laws. It is asked, suppose there be a small debt, can the homestead then be laid off? It can. But if the heirs procure the creditor to release and extinguish the debt, the homestead being no longer necessary, can have no existence. It is possible that the Act under this or any other interpretation may lead to unexpected results. But that is only what happens in the case of all experimental legislation, as that on homesteads confessedly is. Our duty is simply to ascertain the intent and meaning of the Act; if it shall turn out to need amendment, the Legislature can provide the remedy.
Judgment below reversed, and complaint dismissed.
PER CURIAM. Judgment reversed, and suit dismissed.