On 3 December, 1872 (the transcript, in several places, says 3 November — but that is clearly a mistake), the defendant applied to the Judge of the Third Judicial District for a recordari and supersedeas, upon an affidavit in which he stated the following facts, to wit:
About 20 November, one Robinson, a Justice of the Peace of Wayne County, informed him that he, that Justice, had given a judgment against him, the defendant, in favor of the plaintiffs for about $96. The defendant then informed the Justice that he would appeal; and in order to stay execution pending his appeal, he filed with the deputy clerk of the Superior Court of Wayne, an undertaking according to law, which the deputy approved, and upon which he issued a supersedeas of execution. That afterwards, on the 3d of December, at Beaufort, in Carteret County, he learned that the judgment had not in fact been given until the 23d of November, which was after the day on which he had given his undertaking to the clerk. (The undertaking is dated 16th November.) The Judgment thereupon ordered the Clerk of Wayne Superior Court to issue a recordari and supersedeas, upon the *Page 202 defendants giving a bond with sufficient surety in $126, with the usual conditions.
It breaks in on the narrative of events, but it will be as well to state here as elsewhere, that there are affidavits sent up with the record, which must have been presented to the Judge at some stage of the proceedings, but it does not appear at what. In these it is stated that the undertaking to stay execution had not been accepted and approved by a deputy clerk, but by a clerk only of the clerk, who, however, did sometimes act as deputy; that the clerk, as soon as he was informed of the act of his clerk, notified the Justice and defendant that he (285) had not approved the undertaking, and revoked the supersedeas. It also appeared that the judgment in favor of the plaintiff was not in fact given until 23 November, and that the defendant had not notified the plaintiff of his appeal.
After the order of the Judge, to wit: on the 5th of December, the defendant tendered to the Clerk of the Superior Court, an undertaking proper in form, with a surety who swore that he owned a stock of goods worth about $5,000, and that he owed $2,100 or thereabouts. The clerk disapproved the surety, and assigns the reason, that his property was transferable, and that he had reason to believe that it would be transferred, should the plaintiff recover.
On 7 December the defendant presented his affidavit to the Judge, in which he stated the disapproval of the surety by the clerk, and that it was through malice and prejudice. He also notified the plaintiff that he had appealed from the ruling of the Clerk. On 9 December, the Judge found as a fact, that the undertaking was good and sufficient, and that the refusal of the clerk to approve it was wanton, and ordered the clerk to file the undertaking and issue the writs prayed for. From this order the plaintiff appealed to this Court. After stating the foregoing facts of the case, proceeds. The exceptions of the plaintiff raise in substance these two questions only:
1. Was the Judge justified by the circumstances presented to him, in ordering a recordari and supersedeas on the 3d of December?
2. Did he have the power to approve the undertaking of 6 December, after it had been disapproved by the Clerk, and to make an (286) absolute order upon that officer to issue writs of recordari and supersedeas.
1. A recordari is a familiar substitute for an appeal, when a party has lost his right to an appeal otherwise then through his own fault. *Page 203 There can be no doubt of the power of the Judge to grant it in a proper case. So that the only question is, was this a proper case? We think it was. The defendant was informed by a Justice of the Peace that a judgment had been given against him, and he there upon notified the Justice that he appealed, and filed with one whom he had reason to think a deputy of the Clerk, a sufficient undertaking, which the supposed deputy approved.
C. C. P., sec. 534, says an appeal must be taken within ten days after the judgment. On the tenth day after the judgment was in fact rendered, the defendant, being at a distance from the county of Wayne, learned that the judgment had not in fact been given at the time when he gave his undertaking, so that the undertaking was premature and insufficient. He had been deceived by the Justice. We cannot see that he was in any default. The plaintiff, however, says that the defendant had not given him any notice of appeal as required by the Code of Civil Procedure, sec. 536, and therein was in default. That is true; but we do not think that an admission to give his notice strictly within the time, is so serious a default that thereby the party should absolutely forfeit his right to a rehearing of the case. If an appeal, of which notice had been given to the opposite party should be docketed in the Superior Court, while the Judge would certainly refuse to try the case until reasonable notice was given, and might dismiss the appeal, he might also in his "discretion" retain the case, and allow a reasonable time in which to give notice.
2. In Stedman v. Jones, 65 N.C. 388, the action was brought under the Landlord and Tenant Act (1868-'9, chap. 156), which (287) requires the bond to stay executions to be given to and approved by the Justice. In that case the Court say, that if the Justice wantonly and fraudulently refused to approve a security manifestly sufficient, the Judge could compel him to order a stay of execution, or could order it himself. As the applicant in that case was held not entitled to a stay of execution upon the merits; that is to say, as it did not appear that the Justice had acted wantonly, it was not necessary to inquire or suggest, in what way the Judge would use his power of supervision. The mode in which it was desired in that case, was by an order for a recordari and supersedeas, upon which the Judge, according to the usual practice, makes his order for the writs conditional upon the applicant's giving a bond with surety to be approved by the Clerk. As to what might be done if the Clerk should follow the ill example of the Justice, nothing was then said, and of that we will speak thereafter. In that case there was no difficulty about the appeal. The Justice had not refused to send up a record of his proceedings; he only refused the bond tendered to obtain a stay of execution. There being no necessity *Page 204 for a recordari, we see no reason why the Judge could not have ordered the only writ which was needed for the party's relief, viz.: the supersedeas as upon an audita querela. The use of a supersedeas issued by the Clerk upon an audita querela, or writ of error, is old and familiar. It issued as of course from the revisory Court, to stay execution pending the appeal. So the mode in which the Judge would correct a wanton refusal by a Justice to approve a security plainly sufficient, would be by any order for a recordari and supersedeas, or for a supersedeas alone, according to the situation of the case and the relief needed. In the case before us, inasmuch as the defendant had lost his right to an appeal; and an execution had been, or might be issued against him, both a recordari and supersedeas were necessary, (288) in order to give him his rightful relief. The Judge pursued the usual, most convenient, and generally the best practice, of making his order for these writs conditional, and referring it to the Clerk to pass on the sufficiency of the security. The Judge might probable have taken the security in the first instance; but however this may be, he did not, by referring it to the Clerk, waive any right to supervise the action of the Clerk, and to correct any abuse of his discretion.
There is a close analogy between bonds given for the prosecution of an action, and bonds given on issuing a recordari or supersedeas. As to the former class, the action of the Clerk, in taking them, was always held to be ministerial. By Rev. Code, chap. 31, sec. 40, they might be taken by a deputy clerk, and we know that they were and still are habitually taken by attorneys, who have authority from the clerks for that purpose, but are not their deputies. Shepperd v. Lane, 13 N.C. 148; Croom v. Morrisey,65 N.C. 591. It is well known, also, that the sufficiency of the surety to these was habitually considered within the supervisory power of the Court. Rules for additional security were common, and the power was undisputed. But whether the passing on the sufficiency of a surety be a ministerial or a judicial act, it is alike subject to the control of the Court, to the Judge of which an appeal lies from every official act of the Clerk.
It cannot be maintained that an abuse of discretion, by any officer authorized to pass on the sufficiency of a surety, is without remedy anywhere. If such were the law, such an officer, through ignorance or caprice, might effectually obstruct the rightful access of suitors to the Superior Courts. The power to revise and control the action of the Clerk in such a case must necessarily exist with the Judge, whose minister and agent he is; and the proper mode for bringing the question before the Judge, is that adopted in this case, viz: by an appeal (289) from the ruling of the Clerk to the Judge. We have neither the right nor the disposition to revise the *Page 205 finding of the Judge upon the sufficiency of the surety to the undertaking; but we may say that the reason rendered by the Clerk for his disapproval of him was clearly an insufficient one, and his refusal, however honest, was therefore, in a legal sense, wanton. A stock of goods may be more readily transferable than real estate; but all property may be transferred, and the law does not require that the surety to an undertaking shall be a landholder. It only requires that he be worth a certain sum above his debts and exemptions. The Legislature may hereafter require that he shall be a bondholder or housekeeper; but in the meanwhile no officer can anticipate such action, and practically insert in the law a provision which it does not contain.
PER CURIAM. Affirmed.
Cited: Marsh v. Cohen, post, 289; Green v. Hobgood, 74 N.C. 236; R. R.v. Richardson, 82 N.C. 344; Guano Co. v. Bridgers, 93 N.C. 442; Bynumv. Comrs., 101 N.C. 419; Cushing v. Styron, 104 N.C. 341; Patterson v.Gooch, 108 N.C. 507; S. v. Johnson, 109 N.C. 854; McClintock v. Ins,Co., 149 N.C. 36; Arundell v. Mill Co., 164 N.C. 240.