The defendant, during the trial, took several exceptions, which we will dispose of before considering the principal questions presented by the record. The defendant moved to strike out the order allowing the plaintiff to sue in forma pauperis and to require a prosecution bond on deposit. The motion was heard by his Honor upon affidavits, and he disallowed it. This exception cannot be sustained under the decision of this court in Christianv. R. R., 136 N.C. 321. The defendant's second exception was to the ruling of his Honor in permitting plaintiff to offer in evidence a part of paragraph 4 of the answer and the corresponding paragraph of the complaint. The part of paragraph 4 of the answer offered by plaintiff was as follows: "As to the allegations contained in article 4, defendant admits the loss of the said property by fire." The excluded portion was: "but denies liability therefor." Article 4 of the complaint alleged a total loss by fire and that the full amount of insurance became due. The third exception is of the same character. These exceptions cannot be sustained. Lewis v. R. R.,132 N.C. 382; Hedrick v. R. R., 136 N.C. 510; Stewart v. R. R.,136 N.C. 385; Thaxton v. Ins. Co., 143 N.C. 33; Hochfield v. R. R.,150 N.C. 419.
Defendant's fifth exception is thus stated in the record: "The following question is asked J. A. Modlin, plaintiff: `You have heard the deed read from Manufacturing Company to Wilmer Modlin. For whose benefit was that deed made?' To this defendant objects. The purpose of this question is to establish a trust in the hands of Wilmer Modlin for the use of the plaintiff, for the purpose of showing a beneficial interest in plaintiff at the time of the contract of insurance and *Page 39 for the purpose of showing that he had the sole beneficial interest, and to show that Wilmer Modlin agreed to take the legal title to himself and to hold it solely in trust for the benefit of J. A. Modlin and to convey it to such person as he might direct at any time. Defendant objected; overruled, and witness answered as above. Defendant excepted."
The defendant had, prior to this question and answer, offered in evidence a deed from the Manufacturing Company to Wilmer Modlin covering the property insured, for the purpose of proving a (40) breach of the conditions of the policy in that plaintiff was not the sole and unconditional owner of the property insured, in that the plaintiff had concealed a material fact concerning the subject of insurance; in that the interest of the insured in the property was not truly stated in the policy, and in that plaintiff falsely swore, after the loss, touching his title to the property. In this situation it was competent for the plaintiff to show the quantity and quality of his title and estate. There was no application filed for this policy. The plaintiff testified there was nothing said or inquiry made about the character of his title to the property. "An equitable owner is an entire and sole owner." 13 Am. Eng. Enc., n. 6, p. 231, and cases cited; Ostrander on Fire Ins., sec. 63 p. 217; Wainer v. Ins. Co.,153 Mass. 335; Ins. Co. v. Crockett, 7 Lea (Tenn.), 725. In Ins. Co. v.Erb, 112 Pa. St., 149, the facts were these: "The property insured was a tannery, situated at Port Matilda, in Center County. The title, it is conceded, had been in one Dr. Myer, from whom, on 25 April, 1882, it was sold by the sheriff and purchased by John G. Love. Before the sheriff's return of the sale Love agreed to sell the property to John Erb, the plaintiff below, but by some blunder the sheriff returned the property as sold to Elizabeth J. Erb instead of John Erb, and made the deed to her." There was evidence supporting this statement, and the Court held: "If the facts alleged are assumed, John Erb was, in equity, the absolute and sole owner of the property. He held in trust for no one, but in his own right, and was entitled at any time to a conveyance. The title of his mother was the bare legal title, and was to her utterly and absolutely worthless. It was not essential that John Erb should have been invested with the legal title if he was the sole beneficial owner of the property." It cannot be questioned in this State that one who is entitled, under a parol trust, to the entire beneficial interest is the sole and absolute owner of the property affected by the trust. That the evidence required to establish this beneficial ownership does not, in an action between the party asserting such ownership and an insurance company, fall within the rule requiring clear, strong and convincing proof, is held, in Ins. Co. v. Jackson, 105 Ill. App. 287; *Page 40 that the holder of such beneficial interest has an insurable interest is likewise well settled. Gerringer v. Ins. Co., 133 N.C. 407; Clapp v. Ins.Co., 126 N.C. 388; Grabbs v. Ins. Co., 125 N.C. 389. If it is essential for an underwriter to know by what title the insurer holds the property insured, that inquiry should be made at the time of issuing the policy, and not deferred until after the loss has occurred. Beach on Law of Insurance, vol. 1, sec. 406.
(41) The defendant next contends that the giving of the mortgages was such a change of title and interest of the assured as avoided the policy, unless assented to by it in the manner prescribed by the policy.
It is well settled by the decisions of this Court — differing from the courts of some of the States — that the giving of a mortgage effects such a change of title and interest of the assured as avoids the policy when not assented to by the insured in the manner prescribed by the policy. Sossamon v. Ins. Co., 78 N.C. 145; Biggs v. Ins. Co., 88 N.C. 141;Gerringer v. Ins. Co., 133 N.C. 407; Hayes v. Ins. Co., 132 N.C. 702;Weddington v. Ins. Co., 141 N.C. 234. "In some of the States a mortgage is held by statutory regulation or judicial construction to be simply a lien, leaving the legal estate in the mortgagor. In North Carolina and many other States, the common law prevails, and the mortgage deed passes the legal title at once, defeasible by the subsequent performance of its conditions." Hinson v. Smith, 118 N.C. 503; Moore v. Hurtt, 124 N.C. 27;Carter v. Slocumb, 122 N.C. 475; Collins v. Davis, 132 N.C. 106;James v. R. R., 121 N.C. 523; Parker v. Beasley, 116 N.C. 1;Hemphill v. Ross, 66 N.C. 477; Williams v. Teachey, 85 N.C. 402; Mordecai's Law Lectures, pp. 534-539.
In Weddington v. Ins. Co., supra, this Court said: "The validity of a provision in a policy of insurance against the creating of encumbrances without the consent of the insurer can hardly be contested at this late day. It has now become the settled doctrine of the courts that the facts in regard to title, ownership, encumbrances and possession of the insured property are all important to be known by the insurer, as the character of the hazard is often affected by these circumstances." The execution of the mortgages upon the insured property without the consent or knowledge of the insurer, attested in the way prescribed by the policy, clearly, therefore, avoids the policy, and was undoubtedly a cause of forfeiture of its benefits, unless the defendant, by its acts, conduct and statements, waived the effect of the mortgages, and is estopped to assert its forfeiture. We will here briefly state the facts presented and relied upon by the plaintiff to constitute the waiver and estoppel: Swindell, the adjuster of defendant, said to plaintiff, while the loss was being adjusted: "We found some mortgages on the property *Page 41 which would bar from collecting it. Our company is willing, though, to pay the claim, and I will take it up with them and make it all right." This conversation occurred on 29 May. On 5 June plaintiff made out his proof of loss and mailed it to the defendant at his head office in Raleigh, N.C. The value of the property destroyed was fixed at $1,517; the insurance was $500. On 6 June the (42) defendant wrote plaintiff: "We are in receipt of proof of loss, properly signed, and we are sending today to our agents at Tarboro draft for $495, and presume they will communicate with you in regard to the matter." On the same day the defendant wrote a similar letter to the bank at Windsor, the holder of the first mortgage on the insured property and also the holder of the policy of insurance as security for the debt secured by the mortgage. The defendant, in its answer, admits that it did prepare a draft for the amount of the appraised value of said property, viz., $495, and sent it to its local agents at Tarboro, to be delivered to the plaintiff, upon certain conditions to be performed by the plaintiff; that said conditions were not performed by the plaintiff, and defendant withdrew the draft. It developed in the evidence that the conditions referred to were these: The Orren-Williams-Weddell Company, defendant's agents at Tarboro, had accounted to defendant for the premium on the policy, but had not collected the premium from the plaintiff, and it was still due the agents. At the time of the adjustment of the loss Williams, of the Tarboro agents, was present, and the plaintiff directed the amount due these agents to be deducted from the appraised loss and that the check be sent these agents for this purpose. The Windsor Bank objected to the payment of the Tarboro agents, as the policy was held by it as collateral to secure the mortgage debt, and the entire amount was needed to pay its debt. As a result of this contention the defendant withdrew the check and this litigation resulted.
The defendant objected to the introduction of its correspondence showing the above facts. We think the evidence competent. It gives the acts, conduct and statements of the defendant relied upon to prove waiver of the forfeiture. The defendant contends, however, that the evidence relied upon to prove waiver is insufficient, for three reasons, to wit: (1) For that the acts, conduct and statements, of themselves, are insufficient; (2) for that the provisions of the policy prevent this result, because the defendant's consent was not attached, in writing, to the policy; (3) for that during the adjustment a nonwaiver agreement, which is copied in the preceding statement of the case, was signed, and this prevents the waiver. In passing upon these defenses it is essential to keep in mind that the acts, conduct and statements relied upon to prove the waiver are the acts, conduct and statements of *Page 42 the defendant itself — not of its adjuster, special agent, local agent or officer. In the paragraph herein quoted the defendant answers that it did the acts. The sending of the draft was its act; the notification to plaintiff of the check was its act; the condition (43) imposed upon plaintiff to pay his debt to its agent, as he had promised was its act. In Black v. Ins. Co., 148 N.C. 169, the act relied upon to constitute waiver was the act of a local agent. The consent of the company was not written upon or attached to the policy, and this Court said: "They (the words `written upon or attached hereto') are not intended to restrict the powers, express or implied, of generalor local agents, but to prescribe an invariable rule of evidence by which this conduct must be proven to bind the company." (Italics ours.) In Hayes v. Ins. Co., 132 N.C. 702, the act relied upon was the act of a local agent.
The principle applicable to the facts of this case has been very clearly and accurately stated in Titus v. Ins. Co., 81 N.Y. 410, at 4 p. 419, as follows: "When there has been a breach of a condition contained in an insurance policy, the insurance company may or may not take advantage of such breach and claim forfeiture. It may, consulting its own interests, choose to waive the forfeiture, and this it may do by express language to that effect, or by acts from which an intention may be inferred or from which a waiver follows as a legal result. A waiver cannot be inferred from its mere silence. It is not obliged to do or say anything to make the forfeiture effectual. It may wait until claim is made under the policy, and then, in denial thereof, or in defense of a suit commenced therefor, allege the forfeiture. But it may be asserted broadly that if, in any negotiations or transactions with the insured, after knowledge of the forfeiture, it recognizes the continued validity of the policy or does acts based thereon, or requires the insured by virtue thereof to do some act or incur some trouble or expense, the forfeiture is as a matter of law waived." Ins. Co.v. Norton, 96 U.S. 234; Horton v. Ins. Co., 122 N.C. 498; Collins v.Ins. Co., 79 N.C. 279.
Can there be any stronger facts of the recognition of the continued validity of a policy than for the insurer, after adjustment and appraisal of loss and the receipt of proof of loss, to send its draft or check to its local agent, to the amount of the appraised loss, notify the assured and the holder of the first mortgage, after knowledge of the encumbrance, with the condition not communicated to the assured, but to its local agents, that the local agents must reserve the amount of premium due them by the assured and which the assured had previously notified the local agent they could deduct? Why did the defendant send its check, unless it recognized the continued validity of the policy? Was not this act based thereon? And in all this not a word of forfeiture *Page 43 or that the policy was void! We are therefore of the opinion that the evidence was clearly sufficient to prove a waiver by an estoppel upon the defendant, and that there is nothing in the provisions (44) of the policy which prevents the defendant itself from failing to take advantage of forfeitures in its favor. Does the nonwaiver agreement relieve the defendant from acts and statements binding upon it? It is doubtful if this nonwaiver agreement added to the protection of the defendant, as provided in the policy. The provisions of the policy, it would seem, have sufficiently protected the defendant from all acts of its agents, whether deliberately or inadvertently done. It provides: "This company shall not be held to have waived any provision or condition of this policy, or any forfeiture thereof, by any requirement, act or proceeding on its part relating to the appraisal or any examination herein provided for." The "examination herein provided for" embraces proof of loss, exhibiting by the assured all that remains from the fire, submitting by the assured to examination, under oath, by any person designated by the company, and the producing of all books, accounts, etc., and the submission to appraisers of the amount of loss in case of disagreement." It seems to comprehend every matter occurring in the ascertainment of the loss. But, giving to the nonwaiver agreement the fullest scope of protecting the defendant against a waiver by anything said or done by its agent at the time of or during "the investigation of the claim and determination of the amount of the loss or damage," and that whatever was done to effectuate this purpose was done "without prejudice to any rights or defenses which said party of the second part (the company) may have," we do not see how this can protect the defendant from the effects of its own act, conduct and statements, done and made afterwards, with full knowledge of all that the investigation of the claim and determination of the loss disclosed, with a full knowledge of all its rights and defenses and a knowledge of the causes of avoidance.
A nonwaiver agreement very similar to this one was presented to the Court of Appeals of Missouri in Rudd v. Ins. Co., 120 Mo. App. 1, and in discussing its effect the Court said: "The document provided merely that any action taken by the insurance company in investigating and ascertaining the cause of the fire and the amount of damage done should not create a waiver or invalidate any of the conditions of the policy. It is not clear that an investigation of those matters would waive forfeiture had no nonwaiver writing been taken." In Hayes v. Ins. Co., 132 N.C. 702, this Court, in speaking of the effect of a nonwaiver agreement, quite as comprehensive as the one now being considered, said: "The plaintiff, however, relies upon the fact that the agent of the company went out to investigate the loss and determined *Page 44 the amount of damages from fire to be $679. But whatever in (45) ference of waiver might otherwise be drawn from such circumstance is negatived, not only by a stipulation in the policy that such an investigation, in case of loss, should not be deemed a waiver of any objection to the liability of the company under the policy, but before making this investigation the insured and the agent of the company entered into a written agreement that such investigation and ascertainment `should not waive or invalidate any of the conditions of the policy or any rights whatever of either of the parties, but was merely to avoid unnecessary delay to the plaintiff, and should not be taken in anywise as an acknowledgment of liability on the part of the company."
The ultimate effect, then, of the nonwaiver agreement was to leave the company free and unrestrained to determine its course in regard to the settlement of the damages, possessed of all the facts acquired by its agents in the investigation of the plaintiff's claim and the amount of the loss by fire. Its nonaction or silence thereafter could not have been construed against it as a waiver or estoppel. But, possessed of abundant information to determine its course, it became active — sent its draft in full payment and notified plaintiff and the first mortgagee, as narrated herein. It seems to us that it should be bound by this course, by every principle of good faith.
The last contention of the defendant is that the plaintiff delayed longer than is permitted by the policy contract in bringing this action. We do not think this contention can be sustained. The fire occurred 24 May, 1907; the proofs of loss were filed and accepted 6 June; the amount of damages sustained ascertained 29 May; summons issued 22 June, 1908. The provisions of the policy, to wit, "and the loss shall not become payable until sixty days after the notice, ascertainment, estimate and satisfactory proof of loss herein required have been received by this company," and "no suit or action on this policy for the recovery of any claim shall be sustainable in any court, law or equity, until after full compliance by the insured with all the foregoing requirements, nor unless commenced within twelve months next after the fire," will be construed with this limitation in section 4809, Revisal, to wit, "nor shall it limit the time within which such suit or action shall be commenced to less than one year after the cause of action accrued."
These provisions of the policy and of this section of the Revisal have been construed and the conclusion reached contrary to this contention of the defendant in the following cases: Muse v. Assurance Co., 108 N.C. 240;Lowe v. Acc. Assn., 115 N.C. 18; Dibbrell v. Ins. Co., 110 N.C. 193;Gerringer v. Ins. Co., 133 N.C. 407
The matters constituting waiver or estoppel are sufficiently set out *Page 45 in the complaint, especially in view of the fact that the defendant did not move for greater particularity; and, without objection, the parties seemed to be satisfied to present all of their contentions arising upon the pleadings under two issues — the first, an issue of indebtedness; the second, as to the bar of the action by delay in its commencement; and it is apparent that a judgment could be rendered upon the verdict determinative of the rights of the parties to this litigation. After a careful examination of the exceptions presented, aided by the able briefs and arguments of counsel, we are of the opinion that there was no reversible error committed in the trial below, and the judgment is
Affirmed.
Cited: Heilig v. Ins. Co., 152 N.C. 360; Lumber Co. v. Hudson,153 N.C. 99; Lancaster v. Ins. Co., ibid, 290; Watson v. Ins. Co.,159 N.C. 640; Millinery Co. v. Ins. Co., 160 N.C. 137; Roper v. Ins. Co.,161 N.C. 155; Holly v. Assurance Co., 170 N.C. 5; Faulk v. Mystic Circle,171 N.C. 302.
(46)