At this term the defendant was tried upon the following indictment, to wit:
STATE OF N. CAROLINA, ) September Court of Law,) ss. MACON COUNTY. ) Fall Term, 1840.
The jurors for the State, upon their oath, present that John Davis, late of the county of Macon, on 15 September, in the year 1840, with force and arms in the county aforesaid feloniously and knowingly did alter the make of one sheep, the property of William McConnell, knowingly with an intent to defraud the said William McConnell, contrary to the form of the statute in such case made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the State.
(154) And the jurors aforesaid, upon their oath aforesaid, do further present, that John Davis, late of the county aforesaid, on the — day and year aforesaid, with force and arms in the county aforesaid, knowingly did deface the mark of a sheep, the property of one William McConnell, then and there with an intent to defraud the said William McConnell, contrary to the form of the statute in that case made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the State.
GUINN, Solicitor.
The grand jury, who found this bill "A true bill," consisted, as appeared by the record, of only fifteen persons.
On the trial it was proved that the sheep in question was the property of the prosecutor, as laid in the indictment; that it strayed away (being in his mark), and about two months afterwards was discovered in the inclosure of the defendant, with the mark altered to the defendant's mark. It was also proved that the alteration was made by the defendant.
It was argued there could not be a conviction in the case, because, first, there was no intention to defraud any person manifest; second, there was no evidence that the defendant knew, at the time he altered the mark, that the sheep was the prosecutor's, or intended to defraud him; third, the sheep was an estray and could not be the subject of this offense.
Upon these points the court instructed the jury that if the defendant knew the sheep was not his, but the property of somebody else, and with this knowledge altered the mark and kept it in his inclosure, claiming it *Page 113 at his own, a fraud upon the owner followed as a necessary consequence, and one is always presumed to intend that which is the necessary consequence of his act. It was not necessary (the court charged) that the defendant should know, at the time of the offense committed, to whom the sheep belonged; if he intended to defraud the owner, whoever he might be, it was sufficient; and although the sheep was a stray at the time, it nevertheless was the subject of this offense. A verdict was rendered against the defendant, and, judgment being given (155) thereon, after an ineffectual motion for a new trial, on the ground of misdirection by the court, the defendant appealed. We are of opinion that the appellant has not shown any error in the instructions to the jury, nor sufficient reasons to arrest the judgment.
The indictment is founded on the act of 1822, ch. 1155, reenacted in Revised Statutes, ch. 34, sec. 55, whereby it is declared, "that if any person shall knowingly alter or deface the mark or brand of any person's neat cattle, sheep, or hog, or shall knowingly mismark or brand any unbranded or unmarked neat cattle, sheep, or hog, not properly his own, with intent to defraud any other person, he shall, on conviction in a court of record, be liable to corporal punishment in the same manner as on a conviction of petit larceny." The manifest purpose of the Legislature is to punish the act of changing or defacing these marks or brands, which are the ordinary indications of ownership in property of this description, and also the act of putting false marks or brands thereon with intent to injure the owner by either depriving him of the property or rendering his title thereto more difficult of proof. Now, when the act of willfully changing or defacing the mark is fixed upon the person accused, and no explanation is given of the act to render it consistent with an honest purpose, the conclusion follows irresistibly that it was done with intent to effect the injury which is the ordinary and necessary consequence of the act. Such intention is directed (156) against the owner, whoever he may be, and the charge that the act was done with intent to injure any individual named is made out when it is shown that he was the owner at the time when the act was committed.
It has been contended by the counsel for the appellant that the offense created by the statute and charged in the indictment could not have been committed, because at the time when the act was done the animal had strayed from the possession of the owner, and the statute, by declaring *Page 114 that the offender shall be liable to corporal punishment in the same manner as on a conviction of petit larceny, must be understood as applying to those cases only wherein the offender, by a felonious appropriation of the animal, would have committed the crime of petit larceny. He further urges that this construction of the statute is strengthened by the circumstance that a special provision is made by the statute for improper interference with strays in chapter 112, sec. 8. We do not concur in this construction of the statute. In the description of the offense thereby created no reference is made to the crime of larceny. The offense consists in knowingly altering or defacing the mark of or in knowingly mismarking an animal, the property or another, with intent to defraud. The mere straying of the animal from the owner's premises makes no change of property. The animal still remains his, and the wrongful act is not less calculated, but in fact more likely, to do him an injury than it would be if done to an animal in his immediate possession. The reference in the statute to the punishment in cases of petit larceny does not affect the description of the offense, more than it would have affected that description if the reference had been to the punishment in cases of perjury or forgery or of any other crime. It only denounces against the offense previously described the same penalty by which the existing law is inflicted upon a conviction of petit larceny. The construction contended for is not only unwarranted by the language of the statute, but would render the statute itself inoperative in the cases which mainly rendered it necessary. Nor does the section referred to in chapter 112 provide for an offense of this description in cases of strays. The object of the (157) Legislature in that chapter is to point out a mode of proceeding in those cases, whereby the owner may be enabled to regain the possession of his property or to get the value thereof, and a proper compensation may be made to those who shall render him their assistance for this purpose; and, in furtherance of this object, section 8 imposes a pecuniary mulct on those who may take up or use the stray otherwise than in the mode therein directed.
The motion in arrest of judgment rests on two grounds. The first is for that the offense is not described in the language of the statute. This objection applies only to the first count of the indictment, and as to that is well taken. The first count charges that the accused did alter the make of the sheep. No doubt the word "make" was intended to be written "mark," but it is a different word, having a different signification, and cannot be brought within the exception of idem sonans. But this mistake is not in the second count, which charges that he defaced the mark of the sheep; and a general verdict of guilty having been rendered, judgment will not be arrested if either count be sufficient to warrant it.
The other ground taken for this motion is for that it appears upon the *Page 115 record that the grand jury who found the indictment was constituted of fifteen jurors only. The argument in support of this objection is that by the express words of Revised Statutes, ch. 31, sec. 34, the grand jury must consist of eighteen jurors; that under the Constitution of this State no freeman can be put to answer any criminal charge but by indictment, presentment, or impeachment; that an indictment is a written accusation found by a grand jury; and that the accusation which has been received as an indictment in this case is not an indictment, because not found by a grand jury legally constituted. We do not deem it necessary to enter into an examination of every part of this argument, because we differ from the counsel for the appellant in the construction which he attaches to the statute on which he relies. It was an established principle of the common law that no man could be convicted, at the suit of the king, of a capital offense unless by the voice of twenty-four of his equals and neighbors, that is, by twelve at least of the grand jury in the (158) first place assenting to the accusation, and afterwards by the whole petit jury of twelve more finding him guilty upon his trial. 4 Bl. Com., 306. To find a bill it was required that twelve, at least, of the grand jury should agree thereto; but if twelve did so agree, it was a good presentment, though the rest did not agree. 2 Hall P. C., 161. It was necessary that the grand jury should consist of twelve, at least, and it might contain any greater number, not exceeding twenty-three. There must be twelve, at least, because the concurrence of that number was absolutely necessary in order to put the defendant on his trial; and there ought not to be more than twenty-three, because otherwise there might be an equal division, or two full juries might differ in opinion. Clyncard's case, Cro. Eliz., 654; King v. Inhabitants of Southampton, 2 Black, 718; 2 Burr., 1088; 1 Chit. Crim. Law, 705. These great principles of the common law were brought over to this country by our ancestors, and, with an extension of their application to other offenses, were by the Constitution made a part of our fundamental law, and cannot be violated either by the judiciary or the Legislature. According to them, therefore, a bill found by twelve of a grand jury composed of any number between twelve and twenty-four (exclusively) is sufficient to put any man on trial for a criminal offense. We do not doubt but that it is competent for the Legislature to declare that although a bill be found by twelve of a grand jury the accused shall not be put upon his trial, and that the bill so found shall not be deemed an indictment unless the grand jury consisted of eighteen jurors. Such an act of legislation would not infringe any of the rights or liberties secured by the Constitution, but would be a regulation for the enjoyment of them under the Constitution. The question is, Has the Legislature made such a declaration or any enactment tantamount to such a declaration? *Page 116
The words of the section referred to are: "The judges of the Superior Courts and the justices of the county courts shall direct the names of all the persons returned to serve as jurors at the terms of their (159) respective courts to be written on scrolls of paper, which shall be put in a box or hat and drawn out by a child under 10 years of age, and the first eighteen drawn shall be a grand jury for said county, and the residue of the names in the box or hat shall be the names of those who are to serve as petit jurors for said court." These words, it is obvious, are directory to the judges and justices of the courts in regard to the manner in which the grand and petit juries shall be formed out of the persons returned generally as jurors on the original venire. First, a sufficient number, eighteen, shall be drawn by lot out of the whole number returned, for the grand jury, and those not so drawn shall serve as petit jurors.
It does not in terms declare that a grand jury constituted of less than eighteen shall be insufficient to find a bill. It does not purport, otherwise than necessarily results from the directions so given, to add to or in any way modify the operation of the ancient rule in regard to the necessary number of a grand jury; and it cannot be believed that if any addition to or modification of the exercises of this so important rule were intended, but that it would have been distinctly and unequivocally announced. It simply gives the directions, but is silent as to the effect which may result from inattention to a nonobservance of them in any particular.
It cannot be pretended that the rule is not yet in full force that a bill may be found on the presentment of twelve only of a grand jury. Now, it would seem a singular anomaly that the concurrence of twelve out of eighteen is sufficient to prefer an accusation, but that twelve out of fifteen is undeserving of notice.
There are other directions in this statute in relation to the constitution of grand juries quite as explicit as those contained in section 74. Among these is to be found the express direction in section 27, that the original venire out of which the grand jurors shall be elected shall consist of not more than thirty-six nor less than thirty persons. What would be the effect of a disregard of this direction? Would a grand jury elected out of a venire containing a greater or less number than is herein (160) directed be so incompetent to find an accusation that a bill by them presented must be regarded as a nullity? Upon this question we are not left to our own unaided reasoning, but have the safe guidance of authority. This question occurred in S. v. McEntire, 4 N.C. 267. At the time the provision of the law was that the original venire should consist of thirty persons. He was convicted of a capital offense, and it was moved in arrest for that it appeared that the original venire, out of *Page 117 which was drawn the grand jury who had found the bill, consisted of forty jurors. It was unanimously decided by the then Supreme Court that, although the directions of the law had been disregarded in making out the originalvenire, it did not follow that the indictment would not uphold the conviction; that it was competent for the party indicted, upon his arraignment, to object to the irregularity as to the constitution of the grand jury, but that if he did not then object thereto, he should not afterwards be received to make his objection.
The directions contained in section 34 of the Revised Statutes were not then enacted for the first time. They are to be found, so far as respects the constitution of juries in the Superior Courts, in section 11, chapter 157, Laws 1779, and have ever since, so far, at least, been in full force. No direct determination has been made on the precise point before us. An intimation of opinion is found in Nixon Currie's case that a bill is sufficiently formed to support a conviction and warrant a judgment if the grand jury consisted of twelve jurors. In that case, which has not been reported, but which was determined in 1824, an objection was taken to the transcript of the record sent up to this Court as insufficient because it did not show by whom the indictment had been found, and thereupon a certiorari was awarded to bring up a full record. In delivering the opinion of the Court, Judge Hall observed: "It is not sufficient that a petit jury should find him guilty, but it is indispensable that the grand jury should find the bill of indictment against him. Suppose when the record is looked into it appears that a less number of persons than twelve composed the grand jury, that might probably be alleged as a good reason why judgment should not be pronounced." In S. v. Seaborn,15 N.C. 307, it was remarked by one of the members of this (161) Court (Ruffin, C. J.): "We require the record to show that the inquisition was taken by a grand jury, perhaps that it was a grand jury of eighteen"; but it is manifest that this suggestion was made out of abundant caution, and we know that it was thrown out in deference to a doubt thereupon which was supposed to have been expressed by a late highly respected judge. Both of the members of the Court who delivered merely, and that there is nothing in the statute which declares or imports that the proceedings shall be null if these directions be not observed.
It is our unanimous opinion that the accused may, before pleading to the felony, object to any irregularity in the constitution of the grand jury, if he deem such irregularity injurious to him; but that, after pleading to the felony, he cannot object to the indictment as not found (if it appear to have been found by a grand jury constituted of twelve or any *Page 118 greater number of jurors, not exceeding twenty-three) as is required at the common law.
PER CURIAM. No error.
Cited: S. v. O'Neal, 29 N.C. 254; S. v. Douglass, 63 N.C. 501; S. v.Boon, 82 N.C. 647; S. v. Barker, 107 N.C. 918, 920; S. v. Perry,122 N.C. 1022.
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