It is not necessary to the decision of the questions involved in this appeal to determine whether the English doctrine in reference to the grantor's right of reverter, when corporations are dissolved, prevailed in North Carolina in any case, or whether we would follow the equitable rule adopted by the courts of some of the states, in the absence of positive and constitutional legislation bearing upon a given state of facts. The authorities elsewhere are conflicting, and thus far the question has not in all of its bearings been definitely settled by this Court. 2 Waterman on Cor., sec. 435; Angell and Ames on Corp., sec. 779; Mason v. Mining Co.,133 U.S. 50; 2 Morawitz Pr. Corp., secs. 1031 and 1032; Bowen v.Robertson, 11 How., 478; 2 Kent Com., pp. 307 309; Von Glahn v. DeRosset,81 N.C. 467; Fox v. Horah, 36 N.C. 358; Gooch v. McGee, 83 N.C. 59;S. v. Rives, 27 N.C. 297; Hughes v. Commissioners, 107 N.C. 607.
Leaving out of view the learned discussion of this subject by ChiefJustice Smith in Von Glahn v. DeRosset and Gooch v. McGee, supra, in which the suggestion was made that the older decisions presented the status of a corporation whose charter had been forfeited in a court of law as distinguished from a court of equity, we think that the controversy here may be made to depend upon the application of the provisions of our own statutes prescribing what disposition shall be made of property in case of dissolution.
The Roanoke Navigation Company, whose franchise and property are claimed by the defendant by virtue of a purchase at a sale under *Page 279 judicial decree, made pursuant to previous legislation, to which (447) we will presently advert, was originally incorporated under the authority of the Act of 1812 (2 Rev. Stat., 236), which was amended by several subsequent acts, passed respectively in 1815, 1816, 1817, 1823 and 1832. Sections 8 and 12 of the Act of 1812 provided that the real estate, whether acquired at private sale or by condemnation, should be "vested in the said proprietors, their heirs and assigns forever, as tenants in common in proportion to their respective shares." So that the original owners, either voluntarily or by the exercise of the right of eminent domain, if they received the full price of the fee would lose nothing, if the land should never revert. In creating such a quasi public corporation for the purpose of opening a channel for commerce, the parties and juries who determined values of land acquired are deemed to have acted upon the idea then evidently controlling the Legislature, that a great public highway would be prepared for permanent use, and that in case one set of proprietors should forfeit their rights for misuser or nonuser, the law-making power of the State would see that the property necessary to subserve this important end should pass to another similar public agency or be subject to the control of the sovereign power which had authorized it to purchase and hold lands in fee for a particular purpose.
The Legislature could not have authorized the taking by a private corporation for purely private purposes, but such bodies politic, as companies organized to manage railway lines and canals for transportation of persons and property, though in other respects private corporations, are like counties and towns from their very nature, take and hold such property as is necessary for corporate purposes under a delegation of sovereignty by the State, and subject to the authority of the State "to provide specially how its indebtedness shall be paid, and to subject all or a portion of its property, to sale under execution, or in any other mode at the instance of a creditor." Gooch v. McGee, supra;R. R. v. Caldwell, 39 Pa., 337; Hughes v. Comrs., supra. (448)
The exercise of the power to provide how they shall fairly and equitably discharge the claims of creditors is not inhibited as disturbing vested rights, or impairing the obligation of contracts. Indeed, apart from such legislative control over it as inheres in its very creation to a public orquasi public corporation, the law-making power of the State has the unquestioned right to provide the means of enforcing existing contracts, as distinguished from the power of imposing a new obligation, divesting a right or destroying a remedy. Hare's Con. L., pp. 787 and 789; Cooley Const. Lim. (4 Ed.), p. 469; Munn v. Illinois, 95 U.S. 126, 130. *Page 280
Even if the courts, in the exercise of equity jurisdiction, could not, before the passage of our statutes, take the property of a quasi public corporation in custody for the payment of its debts, the Legislature, according to all of our authorities, had ample power to provide what portion of the property necessary for corporate purposes shall be subject to sale, and when and how it shall be sold for that purpose. Gooch v.McGee, supra. The primary object in permitting the exercise of the sovereign power of eminent domain was to take the land for a public purpose, and the condition implied in the very creation of the corporation, was that the creator should supervise the artificial being, so far as to see that it, or another similar agency, should subserve the end for which it was brought into existence; the power of the State being subject only to the limitations imposed by the constitutions, State and Federal.
The power of the Legislature to pass substantive laws is limited only by the restrictions as to vested rights and contracts. We have seen that legislation providing adequate means for the enforcement of existing contracts is not within the constitutional inhibition as to impairing the obligation imposed by them. On the other hand, a bare expectancy, (449) such as that of the heir presumptive under the canons of descent, the devisee named in a last will and testament executed by a person still living; the claim to rights by survivorship by a joint tenant, where a statute has made them tenants in common, the right to a forfeiture of interest reserved on a contract on account of usury, is not (as it has been held) protected as a vested right, but may be modified or destroyed at the will of the lawmakers by statute. Cooley Const. Lim. (4 Ed.), pp. 445 and 447; Ordronaux Con. Leg., p. 601; Tiedeman on Lim. of P. P., pp. 348 to 350; Lawson R. R., sec. 3867, p. 6088, and note. Parmoliev. Lawrence, 44 Ill. 405; Holbrook v. Finney, 4 Mass. 567; Westowell v.Gregg, 12 N.Y. 208; Loverer v. Lamprey, 22 N. H., 434; 3 A. E., 758, 759; Minge v. Gilmour, 2 N.C. 270. The law applicable in our case is, by its terms, retrospective, and we do not think that the Legislature transcended the limit of its powers in providing for the substitution of one public agency instead of another, and thereby postponing the possibility of reverter, if it existed at all. That such contingent claim to the reversion is, at best, where admitted to exist, only an expectancy defeasible at the will of the State, is made more apparent when we recall the admitted principle that it rests with the sovereign to insist upon the forfeiture for failure on the part of the corporation to comply with its charter, and if, in our case, the State had not moved, and should never move, in the matter, there could be no dissolution. R. R. v. Saunders,48 N.C. 126; R. R. v. Johnston, 70 N.C. 348; Navigation Company v. Neal,10 N.C. 520. *Page 281
A claim, contingent upon action by the Legislature, or by the Executive Department of the State, that may never be taken, would seem clearly so remote and uncertain as to fall under the denomination of an expectancy, subject to destruction by the power which alone could create the contingency, or could refrain from so doing at its pleasure. Supposing that the Act of 1831 did not apply to a strictly private corporation, whose charter had expired by its own (450) limitation, as declared in Fox v. Horah, 36 N.C. 358, or to a quasi public corporation, dissolved either for violation or by expiration of its charter, the Legislature had nevertheless the same power to pass the Acts of 1871 and 1872 (Bat. Rev., chap. 26, secs. 39 and 46), and Laws 1874-75, chap. 198, as to enact that which took effect twenty years before, but after the property of the Navigation Company had vested under its charter and the laws amendatory thereof. The validity of the last named act has been expressly acknowledged in Gooch v. McGee, supra, and inferentially inAttorney-General v. Navigation Co., 86 N.C. 408, as well as by approval of the principle in Fox v. Horah, supra. It provides that before a judgment of dissolution, the court may appoint a receiver and make other orders, as prescribed in chapter 26, section 39, of Battle's Revisal, and that "such sale and conveyance shall pass to the purchaser or purchasers at the sale, not only the works and property of the company between the towns of Gaston and Weldon, and at Weldon, as aforesaid, as they were at the time of rendering the judgment of dissolution, but also all such franchises, rights and privileges as said company or corporation now have by law. . . . The corporation thus created by such sale and conveyance shall succeed to all the rights, franchises and privileges as are now had and enjoyed by the Roanoke Navigation Company between the towns of Gaston and Weldon, and at Weldon."
Under the decree of the Court, rendered in pursuance of the Act of 1874-75, R. T. Arrington, S. P. Arrington, William Mahone and J. D. Cameron became purchasers. They, under the corporate name of "The Roanoke Navigation and Water Power Company," were clothed by another statute (Private Laws 1885, chap. 57) with every right, etc., of the former company, "including the right to the use of the water of the Roanoke River, to be drawn through the canal for navigation, manufacturing or other purposes, and are vested with every right to own, use and enjoy the water power of said Roanoke Navigation Company, to rent or lease the same," etc. The State of Virginia, in the year 1816, passed an act giving to the Roanoke Navigation (451) Company, organized under the law already referred to, the exclusive right to improve the navigation of so much of the Roanoke River and its branches as were situate in that state, permitting individuals and *Page 282 banks to subscribe an additional sum of two hundred thousand dollars to be applied for that purpose, and providing for the condemnation of land necessary for right of way, etc. By its terms, this charter was to be accepted by the stockholders of the company in order to give it validity, as it afterwards was, and the General Assembly of North Carolina gave its formal assent by statute the next year. 2 Rev. Stat., p. 252.
If the act be considered as applicable, by virtue of the mere assent to the consolidation on the conditions prescribed by a sister state, to the portion of the canal lying in North Carolina, so far from construing section 5 as a restriction upon the rights of the old company, it seems rather to raise the implication that it had the exclusive right to use the canal for waterworks (which seems to be, sometimes at least, synonymous with milling or manufacturing purposes as used in these old statutes) erected upon its own right of way, and to prohibit the withdrawal of water from the canal by everyone owning an eligible situation for putting up machinery in the vicinity of its line, except with consent of the company, upon which the duty of entering into an agreement with the owner of the site on reasonable terms was required. The language is not at all clear, but taking the whole context into consideration, the only interpretation that seems to be reasonable and consistent with the general purpose to permit the use of the water of the canal for mills, in subordination to the main object of using it as an artery of commerce is first; that neither the company nor an individual can withdraw the water from the canal and convey it over the land of another landowner to reach an eligible site for utilizing it as a power without (452) the consent of such owner, but may with such consent; and that the duty is imposed upon the company, where it can be done without interfering with the primary business of navigation, of farming out at reasonable rates a sufficient supply of water to the "situation" owner. It will be observed that the company is empowered and directed, if it can be conveniently done, to make the "canal answer both the purposes of navigation and the waterworks aforesaid," and to agree with the "person possessing such situations" concerning the just proportion to be borne by each of the expense, not of cutting a single canal for boats, but making "canals or cuts" that would subserve the purposes both of navigation and such waterworks. The new company is now contending for the privilege of using the water itself and farming it out to be used for manufacturing, with due regard to the rights of others.
But the action taken by our Legislature was one of the early recognitions of the right of two distinct corporations organized under the laws of different states to become consolidated with the assent of such states, and with enlarged or restricted powers and privileges lodged in the new company. Meyer v. Johnson, 64 Ala. 656; 3 Wood R. F., p. 1680, *Page 283 et seq. Though corporations are consolidated, they are still often left by the agreement and legislation so far separate that each remains subject to the laws of its own state. 1 Wood, supra, p. 32. In such cases each charter remains in force, though there may be conflicts in their provisions. 1 Wood, supra, p. 573, note 5. The two may be operated together with enlarged powers, or with restrictions imposed as a condition precedent to the exercise of the power to consolidate.
Unless the power is specially reserved when the charter is granted, or under the Constitution or general laws, the Legislature cannot, as a general rule, modify the charter so as to take away any power which would ensure to the profit of, or prove a protection to, a company from loss, but there is not restriction upon the right of the sovereign to enlarge its powers or extend its privileges, except that, in doing so, it (453) must not infringe upon the vested rights of another. If there was no authority given to the old company, either in terms or by necessary implication, to erect manufacturing establishments and use the water for running them, and others owned by landowners in the vicinity, the Legislature unquestionably had the power to grant de novo all of the privileges enumerated in section, 1, chapter 57, Laws 1885, if such action was in conflict with no right but only with the claim of the plaintiff as the devisee of one of the original grantors, to the possibility of reverter, which the Act of 1874-75 provided should not vest, if it otherwise would have done so on the dissolution under the act. The Legislature, in the exercise of its authority, and in order to make the corporation responsible to its creditors and to turn over any balance to the stockholders, interposed and destroyed any expectancy that the plaintiff or her grantor might have claimed. Having parted with his property, in the most favorable view of the law, in contemplation of the right to exercise such legislative power, the plaintiff has no just ground for complaint. The defendant bought on the invitation of the State in order to satisfy these just claims, and with the assurance of the sovereign that it would succeed to the franchises and powers of the old company, and have the right to ask for additional privileges.
We see no force in the argument that the defendant's right to the land, conveyed by the person through whom plaintiff claims, has been forfeited by accepting the new charter, which confers the power to erect and operate manufacturing establishments, and to lease water to run other mills, and, by nonuser, for navigation. In falling back upon this position, it is conceded, by implication, that the sale under the Act of 1874-75, when the intention to use the water exclusively as a water power was not as yet disclosed, was valid and passed the title to the property and franchise to the purchaser. But it is contended that the franchise has been again forfeited. The reply is, that (454) *Page 284 only the sovereign state itself can demand the forfeiture and assert its right to dissolve the corporation. 3 Wood, supra, sec. 497; Waterman on Corp., sec. 42, p. 155.
It is, perhaps, unnecessary to say that our Legislature, in providing by statute (The Code, sec. 1849, et seq.) for the condemnation of land for the purpose of erecting mills thereon, classifies a corporation that erects mills generally as one of those private corporations which enjoys a prerogative franchise because of some powers or duties, which it is to perform for the public, and to that extent is quasi public. 1 Wood, supra, sec. 5. If the sale had been authorized by the Act of 1874-75 for the express purpose of creating a new company, clothes with the power to erect manufacturing establishments and lease water-rights to other mill-owners, it might be questionable whether the probable benefits to the coterminous landowner would not be greater than if the canal were still kept open for the passage of boats, which can no longer compete with the numerous railroads that traverse the country which the navigation company was organized to develop.
What we have said disposes of the exception arising out of the second cause of action, in which the plaintiff claims possession of so much of the right of way, extending eighty feet on each side of the center of the canal, as lay originally within the limits of the land of her former husband, Daniel Mason, under whom she holds as his devisee for life. There was no error in refusing to charge that the land in controversy had reverted.
Having the right to clear out and enlarge the canal, the defendants could revoke any license given by its predecessor or its agents to erect a bridge such as interfered with the enjoyment of its franchise. R. R. v. R. R., 104 N.C. 669. The husband of the plaintiff before his (455) death, and the plaintiff since his death, had been using a bridge across the canal for about forty years, under a parol license from the Roanoke Navigation Company, given to him. There was no evidence that the bridge was used further back than 1852; certainly, no testimony to show that the crossing was erected on an old-established way existing when the canal was constructed. The question does not arise as to its obligation to keep up the bridge, under the statute now applying to railroad companies (The Code, sec. 1710; Rev. Code, chap. 60, sec. 30), which seems to have been first enacted in 1855. The bridge was placed directly across the stream from which the defendant had a right to remove any obstruction that interfered with widening the channel at that point. The occupation and use by the plaintiff and her husband for over forty years would raise no presumption of a grant — the condemnation of the land under the old charter being admitted. The Code, sec. 150; R. R. v. McCaskill, 94 N.C. 746. We think that *Page 285 the defendant had the right to remove the bridge as a nuisance, and was under no legal duty to replace with another after widening the canal. Without specific mention, we have discussed the exceptions growing out of the refusal to give the proposed instructions, and have reached the conclusion that there was no error in such refusal, nor in the intimation as to the instruction that would be given.
With great respect for the learned counsel who pressed the exceptions as to issues, we do not deem it necessary to follow his argument in detail. In view of what we have already said, it seems manifest that the plaintiff was not deprived of the opportunity to present any view of the law arising out of evidence. If the issues tendered had been adopted, the instruction proposed to be given by his Honor would have been equivalent to telling the jury (and we think correctly) that in any view of the evidence they should respond to the first, second, fourth and fifth issues "No"; to the third "Nothing"; and to the sixth and seventh "Yes"; and notifying counsel that upon such verdict (456) he would give judgment for the defendant.
The plaintiff was not deprived of the opportunity to present any view of the law arising out of the testimony, and the exception is therefore untenable. Denmark v. R. R., 107 N.C. 185; Boyer v. Teague, 106 N.C. 576;Bonds v. Smith, 106 N.C. 553; Emry v. R. R., 102 N.C. 209.
Since the plaintiff was, in no view of the evidence, entitled to recover damage, it was not material whether his Honor stated the rule for assessing damage correctly or incorrectly in passing upon the testimony. The rejected evidence, if admitted, would not have given the plaintiff a better status in court, or entitled her to a hearing on any issue arising on any pleadings and evidence, and there was no error from which plaintiff sustained any injury, if, in fact, there was error at all.
If the defendant offered the deed for the tract of land adjoining the land in controversy to establish a boundary, it was probably competent for that purpose. But it was incumbent on plaintiff to show, in some way, how the error complained of operated to his injury, and as we cannot see how he was prejudiced by its admission, we conclude that, if an error, it too, was harmless.
NO ERROR.
Cited: Pipe Co. v. Howland, post, 632; 634; Lowe v. Harris, 112 N.C. 490;Bank v. Comrs., 116 N.C. 380; Logan v. R. R., ibid., 949; Barcellov. Hapgood, 118 N.C. 729; Springs v. Scott, 132 N.C. 561; Hodges v.Lipscomb, 133 N.C. 205; Anderson v. Wilkins, 142 N.C. 159; R. R. v.Olive, ibid., 271; Power Co. v. Nav. Co., 152 N.C. 492; S. c., 159 N.C. 397;Hurst v. R. R., 162 N.C. 379; Torrence v. Charlotte, 163 N.C. 565;Cross v. R. R., 172 N.C. 123. *Page 286
(457)