On the trial was alleged by the plaintiff, who resided in the State of Virginia, that he had sent one Killinger, as his agent, into this State, with horses to sell; that Killinger sold some of them, and had received cash for them to the amount of one thousand or twelve hundred dollars, when he met with the defendant, who, finding him intoxicated, got the money from him, either by winning it at cards, or in some other unlawful way. In order to prove these facts, the plaintiff, among other testimony, offered the deposition of his agent, Killinger, without having given him a release. This was objected to by the defendant, but admitted by the Court, and the plaintiff obtained a verdict. A motion for a new trial was made, upon the ground of the alleged improper admission of the deposition, which being overruled, and judgment given, the defendant appealed. The only question presented is, whether the plaintiff's agent, Killinger, was a competent witness, to prove his case, without a release. The authorities on this subject are apparently conflicting, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile them. The general rule seems to be clear, that the true test of the interest of a witness is, that he will neither gain or lose by the direct legal operation and effect of the judgment, or that the record will be legal evidence for or against *Page 193 him in some other action. It must be a present, certain and vested interest, and not one that is uncertain, remote or contingent; and if the former, it matters not how small and minute the interest may be, for it is impossible to measure the influence which any given interest may exert. See 1 Greenl. on Ev. secs. 390, 391, and the cases there cited.
In applying the principle of the general rule, Mr. Greenleaf says, in sec. 393, that "where the event of the suit, if it is adverse to the party adducing the witness, will render the latter liable either to a third person, or the party himself, whether the liability arises from an express or implied legal obligation to indemnify, or from an express or implied contract to pay money upon that contingency, the witness is in like manner incompetent." The author admits, however, that the cases on this branch of the rule are somewhat at variance with each other. In discussing the subject, he says, in section 394, "Thus, in an action against the principle for damage, occasioned by the neglect or misconduct of his agent orservant, the latter is not a competent witness for the defendant, without a release; for he is in general, liable over to his master or employer, in a subsequent action to refund the amount of damages which the latter may have paid. And though the record will not be evidence against the agent, to establish the fact of misconduct," c., "yet it will always be admissible to show the amount of damages recovered against his employer." Against, in section 396, he says, "It may seem, at the first view, that where theplaintiff calls his own servant or agent to prove an injury to his property, while in the care and custody of the servant, there could be no objection to the competency of the witness to prove misconduct in the defendant, because, whatever might be the result of the action, the record would be no evidence against him in a subsequent action by the plaintiff; but still the witness is held inadmissible, upon the general principle already mentioned, (in section 393,) in cases where the master or principal is defendant, namely, that a verdict for the master would place the servant or agent in a state of security against any action which otherwise *Page 194 the master might bring against him; to prevent which he is directly interested, to fix the liability on the defendant." This doctrine is illustrated by the case, among others, of Moorish v. Foote, 8 Taun. Rep. 454, (4 Eng. C. L. Rep. 164,) which was an action on the case against the defendant, who was the proprietor of a mail-coach, for negligence in driving the same against a wagon-horse belonging to the plaintiff, whereby the horse was killed. The plaintiff called his wagoner, and examined him without giving him a release, to prove the negligence of the defendant. The testimony was objected to, but admitted, and the plaintiff had a verdict, whereupon the defendant obtained a rule for setting aside the verdict, and having a nonsuit entered, the point having been reserved at the trial. The Court of Common Pleas made the rule absolute on the authority of the case of Protheroe v. Elton, decided by Lord KENYON, and reported in Peake's N. P Cas. 117. GIBBS, C. J., said: "The principle is this, witnesses are incompetent where they are directly interested in the event of the suit. It is perfectly clear that the witness in the present case was interested in the event of the suit; for if the verdict were to stand, he would be placed in a state of security." BURROW, J., added, "A distinction has been taken between witnesses for a plaintiff and witnesses for a defendant; but it would introduce an extreme anomaly in the law if it made any difference in cases of this nature, whether a witness was called on one side or the other." In a note to section 396, Mr. Greenleaf cites several other cases to the same effect, and, among them, Sherman v. Barnes 1 M. Rob. 69, in which he states, that the same point was so ruled by TINDAL, C. J., upon the authority of Moorish v. Foote, "though he seems to have thought otherwise upon principle, and perhaps upon better reason." The author closes his remarks as follows: "The only difference between the case where the master is plaintiff, and where he is defendant, is this — that in the latter case, he might claim off the servant both the damages and costs which he might be compelled to pay; but, in the former, he could claim only such damages as directly resulted *Page 195 from the servant's misconduct, of which the costs of an unfounded suit of his own would not constitute a part."
In the case before us, no person can help seeing that the witness had a direct interest in fixing upon the defendant a liability which would place him in a state of security against an action of his employer for his palpable misconduct. If the plaintiff can get his money from the defendant, he cannot recover it from the witness, but if he fail in his suit against the former he may sue the witness, and recover the whole from him. He ought not, therefore, to have been examined until the plaintiff had executed to him a release. We may conclude by saying that if, upon strict principle, the witness was not incompetent, as some of the cases seem to suppose, yet we would unwillingly oppose the current of authorities which excludes a witness where, from the pressure of the circumstances under which he would be examined, he would be so strongly tempted to commit perjury. See, in further support of this doctrine, Allen v. Lacy, Dudley's (Ga.) Rep. 81 referred in 5 U.S. Dig. page 963, sec. 83, in which it was decided, that where an agent lost money of his principal, at gaming, in an action by the principal against the winner to recover it, the agent was not a competent witness for the plaintiff, without a release from him.
PER CURIAM, The judgment must be reversed, and a
venire de novo awarded.