This action was brought, under Revisal, sec. 1589, to determine the title to a certain tract of land, of which the plaintiff claims to be the owner, and which defendant claims under a tax deed executed by the sheriff to him in 1910. The action was tried by the judge upon a case agreed, which is quite lengthy, and for that reason we will not set it out in full, but instead, refer to the material facts in the course of this opinion. The case involves the validity of the tax deed, which plaintiff attacks upon several grounds, which we will consider in their order.
First. The land, we will assume for the present, belonged to C. H. Rexford, and he claimed it, in part at least, under a deed from A. C. Avery and others to J. S. Bailey and a deed from J. S. Bailey to himself, which describe the land by metes and bounds as containing 13,625 acres, with the exception of several tracts therein particularly described, the number of acres in which is not stated. On 26 September, 1906, C. H. Rexford executed a deed in trust on part of the land to J. E. Rankin, to secure a debt [of] $20,000 due to J. S. Bailey. In November, 1906, C. H. Rexford contracted with J. W. Kitchin to sell to him all of the said land, and this contract was assigned by Kitchin to a corporation known as the Kitchin Lumber Company. The deeds, the contract of sale, and the assignment were duly registered in Graham County at and (216) before the time of the transactions hereinafter set forth. C. H. Rexford did not list the land for taxation in 1907, but the tax lister for Yellow Creek Township listed 6,587 acres of land in the name of J. W. Kitchin by him as agent, but without any authority so to do, as far as appears, and the number of acres was reduced on application of the tax lister, but without the knowledge or authority of Kitchin, to 4,352, that having been stated by him to be the correct number of acres by actual survey. The taxes for 1907-'8 were paid by the son of Rexford with the latter's check. It is said in the case that the land was not listed in June, 1908, by any one, but the list-taker merely copied the entry from the former tax book, and thus listed the same number of acres in the name of Kitchin for that year. It does not appear that he had any authority to do so. So it is the fact, as stated in the complaint, that C. H. Rexford did not list the land, nor did Kitchin; and the question, therefore, is whether what was done by the list-taker in 1908 was a compliance with the statute. We do not think it was. There were two ways at that time for listing land for taxes. Revisal, sec. 5217, 5222, and 5227, provides that the owner, in person, shall list his property under oath, setting forth in detail how it shall be done, and section 5218 provides that certain persons may appoint agents to list for them. Section 5233 provides that if the owner fails to list at the appointed time, the chairman of the board of commissioners shall list the same, in the name *Page 175 of the owner, by inserting in the tax list the description and valuation of all property not listed by him, and shall charge him with a double tax, and section 5232 provides for the collection of taxes on land which has escaped taxation for previous years, by adding to the simple taxes of the current year all taxes due for preceding tax years, with 25 per cent interest thereon. There is no provision in the law for the listing of land by a township tax-lister, or in any other way than the one prescribed. It cannot be disputed that under the statute authorizing the sale of land for taxes it is necessary to show that the land has been listed for taxes. That is made by the law the first step in the process of assessment. It is the fundamental fact upon which the whole structure of taxation, in its various stages, must rest, and this listing must be done in the manner prescribed by the statute. If any argument (217) were required to demonstrate this proposition, it is to be found in the provisions of the statute itself. If the owner or any other person or officer authorized to list the property should give a mistaken description of the same, the statute provides that the irregularity may be cured, or in certain cases disregarded, if the description is sufficiently definite "for any interested person to determine what property is meant or intended by the description," in which case the defective description may be perfected in the sheriff's deed. But this provision applies only when there has been a listing by the owner or some other person designated by the statute, and not where it is done officiously by a stranger. The Legislature has never provided that a person without authority in law or in fact may enter on the lists an indefinitely described number of acres in a township containing many thousand acres, not in the name of the owner, but of some one else, and thereby confer authority to sell lands thus listed, and by the sheriff's deed pass the title to the lands of another person whose name does not appear in the list, and whose lands are not described therein, and who has never authorized the listing of his land by another, and whose land has not been listed by the chairman of the county commissioners, as required by law in case of the owner's default. Such a description of land as we have in this case is too vague to give to any one notice of the land assessed for taxation; it is no description at all, as it could be applied to any land in the township.Holmes v. School District, 11 Ore., 332, 287. The law penalizes a taxpayer for not listing his land, by doubling his tax, but not by divesting his title. If he lists his land, or it is done by the proper officer, and then he fails to pay his taxes, he may lose the title in the manner prescribed by the statute. He does not forfeit it by not listing, but by not paying. There was no listing in this case, because authority is nowhere given to a list-taker to enter property on the lists for assessment. The Legislature provided these safeguards for the just protection of the *Page 176 taxpayer, and the law must be enforced as it is written. Black on Tax Titles (2 Ed.), sec. 105; Whitney v. Taylor, 23 N.Y. 281; Desmond v.(218) Bobbitt, 117 Mass. 233; Bell v. Fry, 5 Dana, 341; Mansfield v. Martin, 3 Mass. 419; Pearson v. Creed, 78 Cal. 144; Dubris v.Webster, 7 Hun., 371. The provisions of the law are adequate for the proper listing of property and the collection of taxes, and the Legislature did not intend that it should be confiscated without notice. The facts stated in the record present a strong case for the application of the rule and the enforcement of these plain provisions of the statute, for it is agreed by the parties that the sheriff and the defendant knew before the sale that they were attempting to sell C. H. Rexford's land, whereas authority was only given to sell 4,352 acres, listed in the name of J. W. Kitchin.
Second. But there are other fatal defects in the proceedings which invalidate the sheriff's deed. The statute (Revisal, sec. 2903) requires that the purchaser at the sheriff's sale shall serve written notice of his purchase and of the date when the time of redemption will expire, "on every person in actual possession or occupancy of the land," and also "upon every person having a mortgage or deed of trust thereon, recorded in the county, if by diligent inquiry he can be found," and publication of the notice is required if actual service of the notice cannot be made. It appears that W. C. Heyser, representing the Brunswick-Balk-Collender Company, which claimed certain rights in the timber on the land, was in possession of a part of the land in controversy from 25 December, 1909, to 1 June, 1910, and that E. E. Deputy was in possession of the land, as tenant of C. H. Rexford, from the year 1904 until 24 December, 1909. No notice was served by the defendant, as purchaser, on either of these persons. The defendant requested a finding that W. C. Heyser occupied land within one of the exceptions of the deed, but the court expressed its inability to so find, under the evidence. Defendant served a notice on Lampkin Farley, who occupied a part of the land near the Tennessee River, known as the Rymer boundary. No personal service of the notice was made on J. E. Rankin, trustee of J. S. Bailey and no publication of a notice addressed to them by their names. There was published a notice to J. W. Kitchin, C. H. Rexford, "and whomsoever it may concern." There seems to be no provision in the statute for service (219) or publication of the notice, except as to the person in whose name the land is listed, persons in actual possession of it, and persons having a mortgage or deed of trust upon it. No purchaser is entitled to a deed until the proper notice is given (Revisal, sec. 2903), and until he shall have made an affidavit that he has complied with the requirements as to notice, setting forth therein particularly the facts showing such compliance. Section 2904. This affidavit must be delivered to the *Page 177 sheriff before he executes the deed, and he must file it with the register of deeds for registration. It then, and not until then, becomes primafacie evidence that the notice has been given. But the facts are before us in this case, and form them it appears that the notice was not served or published as the statute requires. It can make no difference under what claim of right W. C. Heyser held the possession. We are not concerned with that, as the statute directly, plainly, and positively provides that it shall be served, not upon any party in possession, or upon one or more of the parties, but "on every person in actual possession or occupancy of the land" (section 2903), and this without any qualification as to the character of the possession or the claim of the occupant. It will not be doubted, we suppose, that E. E. Deputy, tenant of Rexford, was a proper person to be notified. But the defendant, as purchaser, also failed to serve the notice personally on J. E. Rankin, trustee, or J. S. Bailey, for whom he held in trust, and he cannot be excused because he did not search for the trustee, because it is one of the facts in the case agreed that Rankin had lived in Asheville, N.C. for thirty-five years and could have been found by diligent inquiry, and in such a case it is provided that the notice shall be served upon him, and the publication of it as to him, if it had been made in this case, would not be sufficient. This is so because the statute says so, and no strict or liberal construction can make it otherwise. We have held that the giving of the notice by the purchaser in the manner prescribed by the statute is a condition precedent to the execution of a valid deed, and no presumption arises from the sheriff's deed that the proper notice had been given, but that the purchaser must show it. The present Chief Justice demonstrated this in King v. Cooper, 128 N.C. 347, and the case was approved inMatthews v. Fry, 141 N.C. 582; Warren v. Williford, 148 (220) N.C. 474. It appears also in the case that the defendant, as purchaser, has not presented his certificate of purchase or delivered any affidavit to the sheriff before or since he demanded or received the deed from him, nor has any such affidavit been filed with the register of deeds by the sheriff, as required by the statute. In these respects, therefore, defendant failed to comply with the statute. It is further stated as a fact that the sheriff did not read the deed before executing it, and did not know how the lands were described therein. He only knew he was conveying to defendant the lands he had purchased at the sale, that is, the 4,352 acres listed in the name of J. W. Kitchin. There are other departures from the statutory requirements, but as those already mentioned are sufficient to invalidate the tax deed, we need not refer to them more particularly.
The defendant contends, though, that as to Rankin, trustee, the deed is void, if at all, only as to him; but this is not what the statute says, *Page 178 and we must execute the intention of the Legislature as it is expressed in its own words. The language is, "that no purchaser at a tax sale, or his assignee, shall be entitled to a deed" until he shall have served the required notice "on any person having a mortgage or deed of trust upon the land" — not that the deed shall be good in part, but that it shall be void as a whole, the apparent purpose being to notify the mortgagee and, through him, the owner of the land, so that they may save their rights, if it be necessary to inquire as to the purpose.
It is also urged that Revisal, sec. 2909, makes the deed "presumptive evidence of certain facts," and among others, that the land had been listed; but this is only a rebuttable presumption, and is fully rebutted by the facts agreed upon, as we have shown. The conclusive presumption relates only to the official acts of the sheriff and others. The requirement as to the notice to be given by the purchaser is not embraced by that section, but section 2904 provides that his affidavit of notice, if properly filed with the register of deeds, shall be prima facie evidence that notice has been given. He has not shown a compliance with the statute, and besides, if he had, the prima facie case is overcome by (221) the facts admitted, which show that notice was not properly given. King v. Cooper, supra. Nor is the plaintiff required to show that the land was not subject to taxation, or that the taxes had been paid, in order to contest the validity of the tax deed. There is no substantial change in the law construed in Warren v. Williford, supra, which expressly holds that those provisions apply only when the tax deed is valid and has passed a title, and not when, being void, it has conveyed no title. Discussing substantially the same provision, JusticeConnor said, in Warren v. Williford, 148 N.C. 479: "We do not think that this case comes within the language of section 20, Laws 1901 (Revisal, sec. 2909). It is true that, construing this section, this Court said in McMillan v. Hogan, 129 N.C. 314: `The taxes due must be paid, which the law requires as a condition precedent to contesting the title carried by the deed by authority of the statute.' The defendant, having obtained his deed in violation of the express terms of the statute, acquired no title. As was said in Matthews v. Fry, supra, `As the making of a proper affidavit was a condition precedent to the defendant's right to call for a deed, with which he has not complied, he has not acquired title to the land.' The deed was simply void, and defendant was not entitled to avail himself of the provisions of the statute intended to protect purchasers at tax sales." Jones v. Schull, 153 N.C. 521. The same principle must apply, as the language is the same, to the subsequent provision of Revisal, sec. 2909, that the person who questions "the title acquired by the sheriff's deed" must first show that he had title to the property at the time of the sale. Eames v. Armstrong, 146 N.C. 5. *Page 179 Revisal, sec. 2909, corresponds with Laws 1901, ch. 558, sec. 20, which was construed in Warren v. Williford. Besides, the defendant is claiming under J. W. Kitchin, who claims under C. H. Rexford, and, as decided in the case just cited, this shows title sufficiently in Rexford, unless the tax deed is valid as to him, or, in other words, unless defendant has acquired the superior title by it.
We have gone into this case quite fully because of its importance to the litigants and to the public, and have considered the principal questions presented in the record. It appears that the plaintiff tendered payment of the amount of taxes, interest, and costs, which (222) tender was rejected. The defendant C. H. Thompson contracted to purchase the land from his codefendant, R. L. Phillips, and for that reason was made a party to this action, and will be bound by the judgment. The judge, upon the admitted facts, held that the defendants have acquired no title to the land, and entered judgment accordingly. In that opinion and judgment we concur. The State and county have not lost the tax which should have been assessed upon this land if it had been properly listed in the name of Rexford, as it has been paid to the sheriff by the defendant, and he should be reimbursed the amount of the tax and interest by the plaintiff. This is nothing but right, and is no more than the plaintiff should be required to do in order that his delinquency may not inure to his benefit, and that justice may be done to the defendant, who has relieved the land of a charge which would have rested upon it if the plaintiff had performed his duty by listing his property for taxation. The plaintiff will, therefore, be ordered to pay the said amount to the defendant or deposit it in court for his use, if the matter has not already been adjusted; but this order shall not affect the costs, which will be taxed against the defendant, as he rejected the tender of the amount when it was made to him.
Affirmed.
Cited: Board of Education v. Remick, 160 N.C. 570; Johnson v. Whilden,166 N.C. 112; s. c., 171 N.C. 156.