The plaintiffs, many in number, all owning land on Lower Creek, in the counties of Caldwell and Burke, sued the defendants, the town, of Lenoir, its mayor and board of commissioners, to enjoin them from emptying the sewage of the town, through its sewerage system, then being constructed, into Lower Creek. The affidavits show (416) that this creek partially encircles the town of Lenior, is sluggish in its flow; its bed has for several miles below the town been filled up with sand and debris; its banks will average, for several miles, about eighteen inches or two feet above the water, as it ordinarily flows in the creek; that the bottom lands on both sides are about 200 to 250 yards wide; that these lands are overflowed by the ordinary freshets in the creek, and are lower in many places than the bed of the creek; that much of the overflowed water cannot, for this reason, return to the stream, but forms pools that become stagnant; that a considerable number of people live on the hills facing this stream, from one-fourth to one mile from it; that there are a few springs, from which some of the families obtain their drinking water, reached by the overflow waters of the creek; that the bottom lands are now too wet and sobby for cultivations, and are used exclusively for the pasture of cattle; that the flow of said creek is estimated to be between 12,000,000 and 17,000,000 gallons for each twenty-four hours; that before building its sewerage system much of the garbage and sewage of the town was carried by the rain into Lower Creek and its tributary; that the town has an estimated population of 3,500 people and was authorized to construct the system, and its qualified voters approved an issue of bonds by the city for this purpose; that the estimated amount of sewage discharged through the system is 33,000 gallons per day of twenty-four hours.
Affidavits of several physicians, some resident of the town and county, others nonresident, differed in their opinion as to the effect of the discharge of sewage and its being scattered over the bottom lands in time of freshets, upon the healthfulness of the homes of the plaintiffs and others living near the creek and below the places of discharge.
Justice, J., after hearing the matter, declined to continue the injunction, upon the grounds "that the prospective injury complained of is *Page 404 not a certain injury which will follow the action of defendants as a necessary consequence, but a conjectural and apprehended injury." The plaintiff excepted to the order and appealed to this Court. After the order of his Honor was entered, the defendant finished its plant, and the sewage is now being discharged in Lower Creek. After stating the case: It was admitted on the argument before us that, after his Honor declined to continue the injunction to the hearing, the town of Lenoir completed its system of sewerage, and the same has been in use now for several months; so that, what the plaintiffs apprehend as a threatened injury and invasion of their rights has become an accomplished and completed act, and may now be measured, not by uncertain conjecture and speculation, but by actual results and effects. The questions presented is, therefore, and abstract question as to the injunction against a threatened injury, and, under Pickler v. Board of Education, 149 N.C. 221, perhaps the appeal should be dismissed; but, as the action is not finally disposed of, we proceed to discuss the questions argued before us.
In Dillon on Mun. Corp., sec. 1047, the learned writer says: "It is impossible to reconcile all the cases on the subject, and courts of the highest respectability have held that if the sewer, whatever its plan, is so constructed by the municipal authorities as to cause a positive and direct invasion of the plaintiff's private property, as by collecting and throwing upon it, to his damage, water or sewage which would not otherwise have flowed or found its way there, the corporation is liable." In Wood on Nuisances, sec. 427, the author says: "The right of a riparian owner to have the water come to him in its natural purity is as well recognized as the right to have it flow to his land in its usual flow and volume . . . The pollution of water by artificial drainage, which causes sewage to flow into a stream, spring or well, whether done by a municipal corporation or an individual, constitutes a nuisance which entitles the owner to damages therefor, the rule being that a municipal corporation has no more right to injure the waters of a stream or the premises of an individual than a natural, person." In Joyce on Nuisances, sec. 284, this author says: "Though a municipality or other body has power to construct and maintain a system of sewers, and although the work is one of great public benefit and necessity, nevertheless such public body is not justified in exercising its power in such a manner as to create, by a disposal of its sewage, a private nuisance, *Page 405 without making compensation for the injury inflicted or being responsible in damages therefor, or liable to equitable restraint in a proper case; nor can these public bodies exercise their powers in such a manner as to create a public nuisance, for the grant presumes a lawful exercise of the power conferred, and the authority to create a nuisance will not be inferred. It therefore constitutes a nuisance to pollute and contaminate a stream by emptying sewage of a city therein, (418) rendering it unwholesome, impure and unfit for use." The conclusion of these eminent writers is sustained by the decisions of all the courts to whom this question has been presented. We cite a few of the most apposite to the present case: Mansfield v. Balliett, 65 Ohio St. 451;Chapman v. Rochester, 110 N.Y. 273; Morgan v. Danbury, 67 Conn. 484;Seifert v. Brooklyn, 101 N.Y. 136; Jacksonville v. Doan, 145 Ill. 23;Good v. Altoona, 162 Pa. St., 493; Owens v. Lancaster, 182 Pa. St., 257;Phinzy v. Augusta, 47, Ga., 263; Hutchins v. Frostburg, 68 Md. 100;Hasbell v. New Bedford, 108 Mass. 208. The doctrine of liability, with its limitation of damages, declared in these authorities, is recognized by this Court in Williams v. Greenville, 130 N.C. 93; Downs v. High Point,115 N.C. 182; Hull v. Roxboro, 142 N.C. 453; Myers v.Charlotte, 146 N.C. 246; Fisher v. New Bern, 140 N.C. 506;Metz v. Asheville, 150 N.C. 748. While it is clear, under the doctrine of these cases, that the town of Lenoir will be liable to the plaintiffs for such damages as they can prove, under the decisions of this Court, supra, that they have sustained and will sustain, yet much doubt and uncertainty as to the extent of the damages probably resulting is created by the conflicting views of the learned experts and others whose affidavits were presented to his Honor. In this condition of the case, and in the absence of specific findings of a jury covering these questions, we do not think his Honor erred in refusing to continue the injunction. The principle controlling in such cases is stated by Hoke, J., in Cherry v. Williams, 147 N.C. 452: "Courts are properly very reluctant to interfere with the enjoyment of property by the owner, and there is a line of cases in this State — and they are in accord with established doctrine — to the effect that when the owner of the property is about to engage in an enterprise which may or may not become a nuisance, according to the manner in which it may be conducted, courts will not usually interfere in advance to restrain such an undertaking, and especially when the apprehended injury is doubtful or contingent or eventual; but these decisions will very generally be found to obtain in causes where the apprehended injury was threatened by reason of some industrial enterprise which gave promise of benefit to the community, affecting rather the comfort and convenience than the health of adjoining *Page 406 proprietors, and giving indication that adequate redress might in most instances be afforded by an award of damages, as in Simpson v. Justice,43 N.C. 115; Hyatt v. Myers, 71 N.C. 271; Hickory v. R. R., 143 N.C. 451;Durham v. Cotton Mills, 141 N.C. 615; Vickers v. Durham, 132 N.C. 880. "When the anticipated injury is contingent and possible only, or the public benefit preponderates over the private inconvenience, the courts will refrain from interfering." Dorsey v. Allen, 85 N.C. 358. It appears from Vickers v. Durham, supra, and it is well sustained by experts who have investigated the subject with the care and thoroughness its extreme importance demands, that there are well-known methods, approved and in use, by which the sewage of towns and cities is rendered harmless to health and inoffensive to the senses. If the injury to plaintiffs is as serious as they apprehended at the time this action was brought, the defendant town may discover it to be more economical to install one of these methods approved by science and use, rather than answer the judgments in favor of the plaintiffs.
For the reasons stated, it is not manifest that there was error in his Honor's ruling, and we affirm his order.
Affirmed.
Cited: Moser v. Burlington, 162 N.C. 143; Hines v. Rocky Mount, ibid., 412; Donnell v. Greensboro, 164 N.C. 334; Scott v. Comrs., 170 N.C. 330;Price v. Trustees, 172 N.C. 85.