In 1858 Joseph Franklin Van Pelt married Miss Mary Maggie Litaker, and this union continued until 1885, when Mrs. Van Pelt died. The husband continued to live until April, 1896, when he died. There was never any issue born of this marriage, and the said Joseph died without leaving issue. The plaintiffs in this action are the next of kin and heirs at law of Mrs. Van Pelt.
Mrs. Van Pelt inherited from her father, and was the owner in her own right of lands lying in Cabarrus County, a part of which was sold in 1867 to one Blackwelder, to be paid in gold, and a part was sold to one Sumrow, and conveyed to her in part payment for real estate belonging to said Sumrow, in Statesville. *Page 321
It is alleged by plaintiffs that the money received from (519) Blackwelder for the lands of Mrs. Van Pelt also went into the payment for the Sumrow property, in Statesville, and that by the conveyance of the one tract to Miss Ellen Jane Sumrow, and by the money received from Blackwelder for Mrs. Van Pelt's lands, the whole of the purchase price for the Sumrow lands in Statesville was paid.
It is further alleged by plaintiffs that Mrs. Van Pelt agreed to this sale and conveyance of her land, upon Mr. Van Pelt's agreeing to purchase the Sumrow property in Statesville for her, but that, in violation of this promise and agreement, the said Joseph F. procured the deed to be made to him, conveying to him a fee simple estate in said property, in fraud of the rights of the wife. The plaintiffs, as the heirs at law of Mrs. Van Pelt, commenced this action on 29 July, 1896, to set up and declare the trust and recover said lands or the value thereof. At the close of plaintiffs' evidence, defendant demurred ore tenus.
The evidence introduced by plaintiffs, we think, tended to establish the trust alleged. Dula v. Young, 70 N.C. 450, and that line of cases. This would entitle plaintiffs to a new trial, if there was nothing else in their way. But from the view of the case taken by the Court, it is not necessary that we should discuss the evidence as to the conveyance of Mrs. Van Pelt's land, under the promise and agreement on the part of the husband that the title to the Sumrow property in Statesville was to be taken to her, as the case, in the opinion of the Court, turns upon another point. Nor is it necessary that we should discuss and pass upon the exceptions to evidence.
The several transactions mentioned, of selling the lands of Mrs. Van Pelt and the purchase of the Sumrow property, all took place before the adoption of the Constitution of 1868, and the (520) Code of Civil Procedure.
Plaintiffs' cause of action, if they have one, arose at that time and is governed by the law as it then existed. Mrs. Van Pelt never had the legal title to the Sumrow property, but only the right in equity to have her husband declared a trustee of said property and a decree compelling him to convey. This being so, the statute of presumptions, chap. 65, sec. 19, Revised Code, affects plaintiffs' right to recover, when pleaded and relied upon as in this case.
It is true that plaintiffs had no right of action (and, indeed, no cause of action) until the death of Mrs. Van Pelt, under whom they claim. At that time they succeeded to her estate by descent. And although their right of action accrued at that time, their cause of action accrued at the time the husband, Joseph F., took the deed for the Sumrow property to himself instead of taking it to his wife, as plaintiffs alleged he was to do. Dulav. Young, supra; Lyon v. Akin, 78 N.C. 258. While a cause of *Page 322 action accrued to Mrs. Van Pelt in 1867, it seems that time did not run against her, although feme coverts are not included among the exceptions in chap. 65, sec. 19, Revised Code. This seems to be taken as the law in Dula v. Young, supra. In that case, the sale of the wife's lands, and purchase of the "Elk Farm," took place in 1841 or 1842, and the action to declare the trust was brought about 1870 (was tried in 1873), but was brought soon after the death of the contracting parties. But the reason why the statute of presumptions does not run in such cases seems to be owing to the relation of the parties, that the husband's possession is considered to be the possession of the wife also. (521) 2 Lewin Trusts, 881.
In express trusts no statute as to time runs — that is, a trust declared in the instrument creating the trust and accepted by the trustee — until the trust relation is broken. Hodges v. Council,86 N.C. 181; Hamlin v. Mebane, 54 N.C. 20; 2 Lewin Trusts, star p. 886. In such cases the Court does not declare the trust, but enforces it according to the specified terms. 2 Pomeroy Eq. Jur., secs. 988, 989, 991.
But this is not what is known as an express trust, but it is what is called a constructive trust — that is, the facts show such conduct on the part of the defendant that a court of equity, or court exercising equitable jurisprudence, will declare him a trustee.
These trusts are only declared where there has been bad faith — fraud, actual, presumptive or constructive. 1 Pomeroy Eq. Jur., secs. 155, 1030, 1058; 2 Pomeroy, 1044; 1 Lewin Trusts, star p. 180, and note 1.
As in this case, it was not the sale of the wife's land, nor the purchase of the Sumrow property, that the wife or the plaintiffs have anything to complain of. But it was the falsehood — the bad faith of the husband in taking title to himself, and not to his wife, as he promised to do. If A buys land with the money of B, and instead of taking the title to B, as he promised to do, takes it to himself, equity will declare A a trustee for B. The law is the same between a man and his wife as between strangers, when the facts are established.
But as the law at the time the facts in this case transpired made the personal estate of the wife, upon its coming into his possession, that of the husband, and money arising from the sale of the wife's lands his, unless he received it under a promise, and in trust, as plaintiffs (522) allege was done in this case, the purchase would be with the husband's own money, and there would be no fraud and no consideration to support a declaration of trust. In this case the evidence tended to show that one tract of land belonging to the wife was conveyed directly to E. J. Sumrow, in part payment for the Sumrow property in Statesville. So that no money could have been received by the husband *Page 323 for this tract of land. And if this is true there seems to be no reason why a trust would not be declared as to this.
But we have said it is not necessary that we should pass upon this question. While the lapse of time and the statute does not affect the rights of parties to an express trust until there is a termination of the trust, it seems not to be so as to constructive trusts — such as we hold this to be. As to such trusts as these — constructive trusts — the statute is emphatically one of repose. Houck v. Adams, 98 N.C. 519;Headen v. Womack, 88 N.C. 468; 1 Lewin, supra, star p. 180; 2 Lewin, supra, star pp. 863 and 864. This doctrine is sustained in Campbellv. Crater, 95 N.C. 156, although it is held in that case that coverture prevented the statute of limitations from running, as plaintiffs claimed under a legal title.
And while it is suggested that Summerlin v. Cowles, 101 N.C. 473, is not in harmony with the above authorities and cited cases, it is contended by the defendant that this case is overruled by Alston v. Hawkins,105 N.C. 3.
Upon examining the case of Alston v. Hawkins, we find that it does not overrule Summerlin v. Cowles to the extent of making the judgment of the Court in that case erroneous. Indeed, it sustains the correctness of the judgment in that case, which was founded upon the operation of the statute of limitations, this being the only statutory defense set up in that case. But Alston v. Hawkins says that what was said (523) by the learned Chief Justice, in discussing Summerlin v. Cowles, as to the statute of presumptions, was not necessary to the decision of the case — was obiter — and that part of the opinion is declared not to be in harmony with many decisions of this Court there cited, and is overruled. Alston v. Hawkins is the latest deliverance of this Court, and is a precedent, and is now held to be the true exposition of the law of presumptions.
Upon the death of Mrs. Van Pelt, the husband, Joseph F., remained in possession under color of title. This possession was adverse to the plaintiffs. The law presumed it to be so, without anything further being proved. Alexander v. Gibbon, 118 N.C. 796. And while we hold that time did not run against Mrs. Van Pelt for the reasons we have assigned, it commenced to run against the plaintiff at the death of Mrs. Van Pelt; and there is no saving clause in ch. 65, sec. 19, Rev. Code; it has continued to run from that time until the commencement of this action. This having been more than ten years, the law presumes the plaintiffs to have abandoned any rights they may have had, and they cannot recover.
Affirmed. *Page 324 Cited: McLeod v. Williams, ante, 460; Flanner v. Butler, 131 N.C. 153,158; Dunn v. Dunn, 137 N.C. 534; Lowder v. Hathcock, 150 N.C. 439;Graves v. Causey, 170 N.C. 176.
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