The will of M. W. Wise contained this provision: "8. All that portion of my property that I have given to my son K. R. Wise, I give in trust to my daughter, Eula S. Smith, and my son W. B. Wise, to be managed for him and paid to him as he may need and require it, they giving security for the faithful performance of this duty. I do not owe anything to his creditors, and therefore do not feel under any obligations to them." In section 6 of the will the testator had given all his estate, not specifically devised, "to be equally divided between my three children, K. R. Wise, W. B. Wise and Eula S. Smith." Thereafter, on 17 June, 1904, the three children above named made a voluntary partition by deed of the realty, allotting to each one-third, to be held in severalty. On 9 September, 1904, K. R. Wise gave a deed in trust on a part of his allotment to secure certain indebtedness to the plaintiff. The said Eula S. Smith and W. B. Wise refused to qualify as trustees for K. R. Wise, as specified in the will, and Isaac Pipkin was appointed trustee in their stead by the clerk of the Superior Court.Roseman v. Roseman, 127 N.C. 494. *Page 30
On 7 March, 1907, the indebtedness to plaintiff having become due and being wholly unpaid, K. R. Wise executed a conveyance of the property embraced in his aforesaid deed of trust to the plaintiff; said Isaac Pipkin, trustee, and the daughter of K. R. Wise, at his request, joining in said conveyance. And further, at request of plaintiff, on 17 April, 1908, the trustee in the deed of trust sold the property after due advertisement, and according to the terms of the deed in trust, at which sale the plaintiff purchased and received a deed for the property.
(32) This is an action for possession of the property against K. R. Wise; his daughter, and Isaac Pipkin, the trustee, being joined as defendants.
Judgment for plaintiff upon the facts agreed. Defendant appealed. In Mebane v. Mebane, 39 N.C. 131, Ruffin, C. J., said: "In Dick v.Pitchford, 21 N.C. 480, the question arose upon a conveyance of negroes to one, in trust, annually to apply the profits to the use of the donor's son, H. P., so that they should not be subject to be sold or disposed of by H. P., or the rents and profits anticipated by him, or in any manner subject to his debts; and it was held that the son's conveyance was nevertheless effectual to pass his interest as cestui que trust for the term of his life. . . . Whatever interest the debtor has in property of any sort may be reached by his creditors, either at law or in equity, according to the nature of his property. Terms of exclusion of the donee's creditors, not amounting to a limitation of the estate, can no more repel the creditors than a restraint upon alienation can tie the hands of the donee himself. Liability for debts ought to be and is just as much an incident of property as the `jus' disponendi; for, indeed, it is one mode of exercising the power of disposition. In Bank v. Forney, 37 N.C. 184, the Court said that, however anxiously the benefit of the donee personally may be looked to by the donor, the policy of the law will not permit property or a trust to be so given that the donee may continue to enjoy it after his bankruptcy, or, in other words, against his creditors. In Brandon v. Robinson, 18 Ves., ch. 429, there was a trust to pay dividends from time to time into the proper hands of a man, or on his receipt, and that they should not be grantable or assignable by way of anticipation; and it was held that this interest passed to his assignees in bankruptcy; Lord Eldon remarking that any attempt to give property, and to prevent creditors from obtaining any interest in it, could not be sustained; and that the gift must be subject to the incidents of property, and it could not *Page 31 be preserved from creditors unless given to some one else, that is, limited over. Following that case was Graves v. Dolphin, 1 Sim., 66, in which estates were devised in trust to pay an annuity to the son for his personal support for life, not liable to his debts, and to be paid from time to time into his own proper hands, and not to any other person (and his receipt only to be a discharge); and Sir John Leach declared that, although the testator might have made the annuity determinable (33) by the rankruptcy [bankruptcy] of his son, yet, as he had not done that, the policy of the law did not permit property to be so limited that it should continue in the enjoyment of the donee, notwithstanding his bankruptcy; therefore, that the annuity passed under the commission."
Then, after citing divers other cases, Chief Justice Ruffin further says: "The foregoing cases sufficiently establish that by the use of no words of art can property be given to a man, or to another for him, so that he may continue to enjoy it, or derive any benefit from it, as the interest, or his maintenance thereout, or the like, and at the same time defy his creditors, and deny them satisfaction thereout. The thing is impossible. As long as the property is his it must, as an incident, be subject to his debts, provided only that it be tangible. The only manner in which creditors can be excluded is to exclude the debtor also from all benefit from or interest in the property, by such a limitation, upon the contingency of his bankruptcy or insolvency, as will determine his interests and make it go to some other person."
In Pace v. Pace, 73 N.C. 125, it said by Rodman, J.: "It is settled that by no from of words can property be given to a man or to another in trust for him, so that he shall not have a right to dispose of his estate in it, unless there be in the instrument of gift a provision that upon an attempted alienation it shall go over to some third person. Dick v.Pitchford, 21 N.C. 480; Mebane v. Mebane, 39 N.C. 131."
In Ricks v. Pope, 129 N.C. 55, it is said: "The clause against liability for the debts of Isaac (the grantee) is incompatible with and repugnant to the grant of the fee-simple estate, and void," citing several cases.
Here, there is a devise in fee simple to K. R. Wise, with a subsequent provision that during his life the property is to be "managed" by trustees, who are to pay over the income to him, as the devisor wishes the property exempted from liability for K. R. Wise's debt. The deed to plaintiff has been executed, both by him and the trustee, and in any view upon the facts agreed, judgment was correctly entered in favor of the plaintiff. This devise does not come within the terms of a "Spendthrift Trust" authorized by Revisal, 1588, which section is to be strictly construed. Gray v.Hawkins, 133 N.C. 1.
Affirmed.
Cited: Fowler v. Webster, 173 N.C. 444. *Page 32
(34)