The plaintiff was the surety of the defendant's intestate and of one William Hodges, upon a bond payable to one McArthur; before the bond became due, the principal debtors died, and the plaintiff administered upon the estate of William Hodges, and the defendant upon that of Armstrong; suit was brought by McArthur against the plaintiff and defendant in their representative characters, and against the plaintiff upon his personal obligation. On the trial the plaintiff, as administrator, established the plea of fully administered, and judgment was (254) taken against the present defendant, de bonis intestati, and against the plaintiff as administrator, quando, and in his own right absolutely. To protect himself, the plaintiff, through the intervention of a third person, paid the amount of the judgment to McArthur's attorney, and procured an assignment of it to be made to a trustee for his benefit, and issued a scire facias to obtain execution against the present defendant, de bonis propriis; but the payment by the plaintiff having been held to be a satisfaction of the judgment, he failed in that action, and then commenced the present. Upon these facts it was objected that the plaintiff could not recover because he had not paid the money to the use of the defendant, but had purchased a judgment against the defendant, and that his proper redress was either by sci. fa. or debt upon that judgment. But the presiding judge ruled that the payment was one which would support the action.
The defendant then contended that the plaintiff, as administrator of William Hodges, had received assets since the rendering of the judgment which were subject to the payment of the debt to McArthur, and that as far as those assets extended, they were to be applied to the payment of that debt. On this ground the defendant was permitted to investigate the account of the plaintiff as administrator of William Hodges. In making this examination, the plaintiff claimed commissions on the estate, but the claim was resisted by the defendant, because no order of the county court was produced whereby they were allowed upon a final settlement of the administration account. His Honor overruled the objection, and a verdict was returned for the plaintiff. The defendant appealed, and it was agreed, in case the opinion of the court was against the plaintiff on the first point, that a judgment of nonsuit should be entered. As a surety cannot maintain an action against his principal merely upon the rendering of a judgment against the former, it was material and necessary that the plaintiff in this case should show a satisfaction of the judgment by a payment made by (255) himself. To make that fact appear, he proved that he deposited the money with a friend, to be delivered to the original creditor, with express directions not to pay it in discharge and satisfaction of the judgment, but to take an assignment thereof for the purpose of keeping it in force against the defendant. The agent complied with the instructions, and took from McArthur an assignment to himself, in trust for the plaintiff. This transaction was held in the Superior Court to be a payment. This Court entertains a different opinion. There was no satisfaction of the judgment acknowledged of record; no release of it; nor any receipt of money as and for a payment of it. No payment was intended. Both the testimony of the witness and the deed of assignment prove that the contrary was intended. The question, then, is whether, against the intention of the parties, the payment shall be deemed to be in satisfaction, because the money belonged to one of the defendants in that suit. We think not. It is a common mode whereby a surety indemnifies himself. He may relinquish it by making payment in satisfaction. But he may make the payment, not in satisfaction, and take an assignment. If the surety is not a party to that suit, he may take the assignment to himself. This is generally done by an endorser who is not sued jointly with the maker. It is greatly for the benefit of sureties that it should be so; for many of the rights of the surety are secured only through this principle of subrogating him to the securities of the creditors, and entitling him to an assignment of them. Hence, if the creditor does any act which puts it out of his power to make an assignment to the surety, the latter is discharged. By taking an assignment, the judgment is preserved, and satisfaction may be obtained from the principal by immediate process, which is of great consequence in a case of insolvency or the death of the principal. If the judgment be joint against the surety and the principal, the former does not thereby lose his right to an assignment. If he did, all claim to the benevolence of the creditor would fall with it. He cannot indeed take (256) the assignment, in that case, to himself, for that would be an extinction of the judgment. But he may take it to another person. In law the plaintiff alone is the owner of the debt. The assignee can act in his name alone. And a court of law can take no notice of the trust upon which the assignee or the plaintiff keeps up the judgment. But if we could, we would not make the legal right unite with that of the cestuique trust. It is like the owner of an inheritance taking a conveyance to *Page 218 a trustee of an outstanding satisfied term. The interposition of the trustee keeps the legal and equitable estates apart, even in equity — much more at law.
There is no doubt that McArthur may yet acknowledge satisfaction of record, or the assignee may do it in his name, provided the terms of the assignment authorize it. But until that be done, or the judgment be otherwise discharged, in such wise as to bar a suit on it at law, it remains in force. While it does, the surety cannot maintain an action of which the gist is the satisfaction of that judgment.
This opinion renders it unnecessary to decide the other questions. But there is one of them of very general consequence, which may frequently occur, on which all the judges entertain a clear opinion, different from that given in the Superior Court, which we think it proper to express. It relates to the commissions of the executor. We think the Acts of 1715, 1723, and 1799, taken together, clearly contemplate that commissions, to be retained against a creditor or legatee (which were not chargeable at all at common law), must be allowed by the court before which the executor is to return an account of his administration, or in which is pending a suit directly for the settlement of those accounts. A just allowance can be made only upon an examination of the accounts. It is impossible that a jury can, in this collateral way, have the information necessary to a proper estimate. Besides, there is another reason of policy which forbids it. The account current is to be returned on the oath of the executor. It is frequently important evidence for the (257) creditor upon the issue of fully administered. The administration is often within the knowledge of the executor alone. In England he may at any time be summoned by the creditor before the ordinary to render his account, which the creditor uses as evidence in the suit at law. Here the only method we have of obtaining such an account is to withhold the allowance of commissions until it be returned. The refusal of them, until expressly allowed by the court, will make it the interest of the executor to do his duty, and make fair disclosures. The rule can never be of any importance, except in the case of estates alleged to be insolvent. Whenever that is alleged by the executor, he must of necessity be prepared to exhibit his accounts; for when the estate is exhausted, he has nothing further to administer, and must be ready to return the account current. We think, therefore, that an executor in default in not making his return is not entitled to retain for commissions at the discretion of a jury. They only form a charge against the estate when specifically allowed by the court, upon the settlement of the estate.
Wherefore, the judgment must be reversed, and judgment (according to the agreement of the parties in the record) of nonsuit entered.
PER CURIAM. Judgment reversed. *Page 219 Cited: Sherwood v. Collier, post, 382; Foster v. Frost, 15 N.C. 429;Walton v. Avery, 22 N.C. 410; Lynch v. Johnson, 33 N.C. 225; Brown v.Long, 36 N.C. 192; Harrison v. Simmons, 44 N.C. 81; Barringer v.Boyden, 52 N.C. 189; Hanner v. Douglas, 57 N.C. 266; Tiddy v. Harris,101 N.C. 593; Liles v. Rogers, 113 N.C. 200; Peebles v. Gay, 115 N.C. 41;Davison v. Gregory, 132 N.C. 395; Bank v. Hotel Co., 147 N.C. 598.