The plaintiff, as sheriff of the county of Burke, by virtue of a writ offieri facias levied upon certain lands, and sold them at public auction to the defendant, as the highest bidder. The defendant refused to complete the purchase, and the plaintiff, *Page 123 having returned upon the writ the levy and sale to the defendant, and having tendered a deed and demanded payment, brought this action to recover the purchase money.
On the trial, it was objected by the defendant's counsel that the action being brought upon a contract to sell land, was within the statute of 1819, avoiding parol contracts for the sale of lands and slaves, and therefore, that the plaintiff could not recover for want of a note or memorandum in writing of the contract, signed by the defendant, or some one by him authorized. But his Honor was of opinion that the statute did not apply to sales under execution, and that if it did, the return of the plaintiff upon the execution was a memorandum in writing within the statute, and so instructed the jury, who found a verdict for the plaintiff, and judgment being rendered thereupon, the defendant appealed. The act in question is in these words, "that all contracts (150) to sell or convey any lands, tenements or hereditaments, or any interest in or concerning them, or any slave or slaves, shall be void and of no effect, unless such contract, or some memorandum or note thereof, shall be put in writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person by him thereto lawfully authorized, except nevertheless contracts for leases not exceeding in duration the term of three years.'" The question whether this enactment applies to sales on execution, has we understand, occurred before on the circuit, and the decisions have been in conformity to that now under review. This, however, is the first time in which this Court has been called on to examine the question, and we have considered it with the attention due to its practical importance.
It must then be admitted that the words used in the beginning of the act, are sufficiently comprehensive to embrace every contract, by whomsoever it may be made. But there are expressions in the act by no means appropriate to the case of a judicial sale, and tending to show that such sales were not within the contemplation of the Legislature at the time of making this enactment. To give validity to the contract, it is required that the same, or some memorandum or note thereof, should be signed by theparty to be charged therewith, or by his authorized agent. Now, in judicial sales, who is the party to be charged as vendor? Can the sheriff be regarded as such a *Page 124 party? The sheriff is a public officer, acting in obedience to an execution commanding him, in the name of the State, to cause to be made of the property of a delinquent debtor, a sum of money judicially ascertained to be due to his creditor. A levy by the sheriff on the land of the debtor, divests neither the possession, nor the estate of the debtor. In making the sale, the sheriff acts as a minister of the law, in obedience to its mandate, and in execution of the authority which that mandate confers upon him over the property of the debtor. The State — or the law — sells by its agent, the sheriff. (151) By a levy on slaves, he takes the possession, and acquires such an interest as will enable him to maintain an action of trover, detinue or trespass against a wrongdoer; but he takes this possession and special property as a bailee, in order to effect the requisitions of the law, and when he sells, the contract is not for the transfer of this special property, but for the transfer of the entire interest of the debtor, which the law orders to be converted into money, for the satisfaction of the judgment creditor. In all such sales, therefore, the law is the vendor, and so much of the enactment as requires that the contract shall be signed by the party to be charged therewith, cannot in such cases apply to the vendor. Nor without violence to the ordinary import of language, can the law be spoken of as "the party to be charged with the execution of a contract."
Upon a little reflection it cannot but be seen that great inconvenience must arise by regarding the sheriff, if he could be so regarded, as the party to be charged as the vendor. If it be so, then he may lawfully refuse to execute a deed to the purchaser, after the sale and receipt of the purchase money, may, after its payment into Court, and the actual satisfaction of the judgment, unless the purchaser can exhibit written evidence of the contract signed by the sheriff, or by his lawfully authorized agent. And it is not easy to perceive how he can be made liable either civilly or criminally, for refusing to execute a contract which the law authorizes him to treat as void and of no effect. It is highly improbable that the Legislature intended that the sheriff should have an arbitrary discretion to make a title or not to make a title to execute to the purchaser — and if he be the party to be charged he must have this discretion, because he is not bound to avail himself of this legal objection, but may like every party sought to be charged, waive it if he pleases. Should he refuse to make title, it is plain that vast confusion must arise, although it may be difficult to pronounce what will be the precise effects of this confusion on the plaintiff and the defendant in the execution on the purchaser, or on the property. No *Page 125 apprehension of inconvenience will prevent this Court from giving full effect to every constitutional expression of the legislative will, but the argument from inconvenience (152) ought to have great weight in endeavoring to ascertain that will, when couched in general terms. Nor can I resist the conviction, that if the Legislature intended to vest the sheriff with so dangerous a power, it would have laid down some rule by which the consequences resulting from its exercise would be defined, instead of leaving them to be inferred by judicial conjecture.
These considerations lead me to the result that the sheriff cannot claim the protection of this act against a purchaser at an execution sale, paying the price of his purchase, and demanding a conveyance. He cannot, because such a sale is not within the meaning of the act. The converse of the proposition necessarily follows, neither can the purchaser set up this act, as a bar to the demand of the sheriff for the purchase money, the sheriff tendering the conveyance of the property. The object of the statute was to prevent frauds and perjuries, in cases where the value of the property might present strong temptations, and the variety and complexity of the contracts afford scope and facility for the commission of these crimes. Bargains between individuals, created solely by the convention of the parties, are susceptible of innumerable modifications, which may be indistinctly expressed, imperfectly understood, partially remembered, or willfully misrepresented. The thing bought and sold, and its price, do not constitute all or the greater part, and frequently even not the most important part of such contracts. Is there to be any warranty of title, and if so, to what extent? Does the vendor stipulate as to the qualities of the thing conveyed? Is he to deliver possession immediately, or at a future day, and then absolutely, or upon some condition? Is the price to be paid down, or before a title is made? If not to be paid down, when, and upon what installments is it to be paid, and what security is to be given to insure its payment? All who are conversant with judicial proceedings know that questions like these, to be decided on parol evidence, have been among the most perplexing that could be presented to a Court and jury, and upon which they have had the strongest reasons to mistrust the accuracy and the integrity of witnesses. But with respect to a judicial sale, the law settles all the modifications of the contract. Nothing remains to be ascertained by testimony but the thing sold, the price and the purchaser, and, as the transaction is in public and by a public competition among the bidders, there is *Page 126 scarcely room left for a dispute about the facts. The Legislature intended to cure the sore and numerous evils which parol evidence necessarily produced in the ascertainment of individual contracts, but had no idea of applying this harsh remedy where no disease existed, and designed not to interfere with these public contracts between the law and individuals, conducted by a sworn and highly trusted officer.
Several decisions made by Courts of the highest respectability (153) in the State of New York have been referred to by the counsel for the defendant as showing that a similar enactment in their statute of frauds has been construed to apply to judicial sales. But on examining these cases, it will be found that they do not establish this position. The enactment in their statute which is held, and unquestionably, rightly held, to apply to judicial as well as individual sales, is not to the same purpose with ours, nor analagous to it, nor indeed upon the same subject matter. The provision in the New York statute expounded in these cases declares "that no estates of freehold, or terms of years shall be granted but by deed or note in writing, or by act and operation of law," and the Courts have there holden that a purchaser of a freehold at a sheriff's sale cannot maintain an ejectment until he obtains a deed. This enactment does not affect, or pretend to affect a contract for sucha conveyance, but prescribes the necessary formalities to be observed in the execution of such a contract. The contract may be obligatory, and the parties bound to carry it into execution; or responsible for the breach of it, although it want the forms which must be observed to make its execution effectual; but a deed or note in writing is an indispensable requisite to pass the estate, and unless this be observed, the estate remains untransferred. Long before our act of 1819, the necessary formalities for the transfer of an estate in lands and in slaves, had been prescribed by our Legislature; and our Courts, like those of New York, have invariably held that these were indispensable to the passing of such estate, by whomsoever the transfer might be made, or attempted to be made. No estate in lands could be transferred by a sheriff without a deed acknowledged by the sheriff, or proved by a witness and registered in the county where the land lies, because our act of 1715 makes these ceremonies requisite to the passing of such an estate. No sale of slaves by a sheriff could pass the title, without either a bill of sale proved and registered in the proper county, or a delivery of the slave to the purchaser, (154) because our acts of 1784 and 1792 rendered such a bill of sale, or such a delivery, essential to a transfer of the title. Our act of 1819 *Page 127 operates upon the contract for a sale while it is executory, and no longer. It prescribes no ceremony in the execution of such a contract, and it has been judicially settled that it has no operation upon an executed contract.Choate v. Wright, 13 N.C. 289. It was enacted diverso intuiti. The only authorities which we have met with, bearing upon the construction of similar enactments to those in this statute, are in conformity to the exposition which we place upon it. In Attorney-General v. Day, 1 Ves. Sen., 221, Lord Hardwicke held, that judicial sales did not come within the purview of that section of the English statute of frauds, which declares that no agreement for the purchase of lands shall be good unless signed by the party to be bound thereby or some person authorized by him; and the same decision was made by Chancellor Dessesaure, in South Carolina, and affirmed an appeal in the Constitutional Court of that State in Jenkins v.Hogg, 2 Con. (S.C.), 821.
We concur, therefore, in so much of the instruction given by the Judge, as declares that the act of 1819, to make void parol contracts for the sale of lands and slaves, does not apply to purchasers at a sheriff's sale under an execution, and this renders it unnecessary to examine the residue of the instruction.
PER CURIAM. Judgment affirmed.
Cited: Tarkington v. Alexander, 19 N.C. 94; Ingram v. Dowdle,30 N.C. 456; Grier v. Yontz, 50 N.C. 373; McKee v. Lineberger,69 N.C. 239; Skinner v. Warren, 81 N.C. 376.