A widow as against the legatees or distributies has an equity for exoneration, that is, to have a debt of her husband, which is a charge upon the land, paid out of the personal estate, it being the primary fund for the payment of debts. So a widow as against the divisees or heirs has an equity for exoneration. Carson v. Cowper, 63 N.C. 386. Smith v.Gilmer, 64 N.C. 546. *Page 69
In this case, the question is in regard to the right of the widow as against creditors of her husband. But for the mortgage on the land to secure the debt due to Roberts, the right of dower has priority over creditors in respect to the real estate. Suppose the widow relieves the land from this incumbrance, and take an assignment of the Roberts debt, she then stands in his shoes, and has a right to have the land sold, and proceeds of sale applied for the exoneration of her right to dower. This is clear, and there is no difficulty in respect to the land.
When the widow, standing in her own shoes, or in the shoes of the creditor Roberts, insists that for her exoneration, the other creditors must give way, and let the debt of Roberts be first paid out of the personal estate, upon which neither she or Roberts have any lien or priority, this Court is unable to see any ground on which the claim can be supported. True, the personal estate is the primary fund for the payment of debts, but the defendant, Hathaway, and other creditors have the same right as against the personal estate as Roberts has; so the widow can take nothing by standing in his shoes, for his priority by force of the mortgage is only in respect to the land.
Dower is not subject to the debts of the husband, except debts charged on the land, but on what principle is it, that a debt, because charged upon the land, is also to have priority in respect to the personal estate? We can see none, and the able counsel of the plaintiff did not suggest any that needs further comment.
The judgment in the Court below will be modified so as to direct a sale of the two-thirds of the land not embraced by the dower, and the reversion in the other third, the proceeds of sale to be applied to the Roberts debt, and the residue of the Roberts debt to be paid rateably out of the personal estate in the course of administration, and if there *Page 70 be still any part of the Roberts debt unsatisfied, it will be a charge on the dower land.
We considered the question whether in the distribution of the personal estate, the Roberts debt ought to be taken pro rata on the whole debt, or on the debt, minus the amount that may be realized out of the mortgage. We are satisfied the latter is the true principle, for if the whole debt draws a dividend, the other creditors would have a right of subrogation so as to have the benefit of the collateral security. So the result would be the same; and we adopt the analogy in bankrupt cases where a creditor having collateral security is only allowed to prove the balance after exhausting the collateral security.
The decision will be modified accordingly, and the cost be paid out of the fund realized by a sale of the real estate.
This will be certified.
PER CURIAM. Judgment accordingly.