The plaintiffs then alleged that the defendant had not paid the mortgage debt, and, when being called on, had denied that he owed them anything, insisting that he had sold the lot and improvements to them, absolutely, for the debt of $1,502.84; that the value of the property was but $600 or $800, and their debt, with interest, $1,800. They averred that the whole plan originated in a fraudulent design to cheat them.
The prayer was that the lot might be sold and the proceeds applied to the payment of the debt due the plaintiffs, and that they might have execution for the residue of it.
A copy of the mortgage was filed as an exhibit; it was in form a deed of bargain and sale for the lots with a covenant of quiet enjoyment, executed by the defendant to the plaintiffs, in the consideration of the sum of $1,502.84, with a proviso that if the said William Sitton, his heirs, etc., "doth or shall well and truly pay to, etc., the assumed sum of $1,502.84, in the city of Charleston, on or before, etc., then the above indenture to be void, or otherwise to be and remain in full force and value, in both law and equity."
The defendant, in his answer, denied that it was his intention, or that of the plaintiffs, to take a mortgage of the lot, but that both parties had a conditional sale in view, and that the condition was inserted for his benefit, as he then believed the property worth more than the debt; that it had cost him more, and that one of the plaintiffs was on the premises and examined it. He denied all fraudulent misrepresentation of the value, and admitted that it was doubtful whether the lot would now sell for the amount of the purchase money and interest.
The depositions of the attesting witnesses were filed, and the substance of them is stated in the opinion of the Court.
His Honor, Judge Pearson, at Haywood, on the last Spring (623) Circuit, by his decree, declared that the debt due by the defendant to the plaintiffs still existed, and that the indenture was a mortgage, and ordered a sale of the lots, and, in case the sale did not realize a sum equal to the debt, that execution should issue for the residue.
From this order the defendant appealed. *Page 484 The Court is of opinion that so much of the decree as requires the defendant personally to pay to the plaintiffs the mortgage debt and interest, and awards execution for the same, or any part of it, is erroneous.
The jurisdiction of equity in mortgages is simply to decree redemption or foreclosure. To that end, the Court directs accounts to be taken of the sum due, in order that it may be known how much the mortgagor must pay to entitle him to a reconveyance, or to prevent his equity of redemption being foreclosed. Of late, years, a beneficial practice has gained favor, until it may be considered established in this country, not absolutely to foreclose in any case, but to sell the mortgaged premises and apply the proceeds in satisfaction of the debt; if the former exceed the latter, the excess is paid to the mortgagor; if it fall short, the creditor then proceeds at law on his bond or other legal security to recover the balance of the debt. Gillis v. Martin, 2 Dev. Eq., 470. In Lansing v. Goelet, 9 Cowen, 346, Chancellor Jones treats the subject much at large and with great learning.
But the debt is never recovered in the Court of Equity on a bill for foreclosure. Debt or not debt is purely a legal question, and the parties must try it at law. The Court of Equity acts only upon the equitable security, not upon the debt. It makes the pledge absolute, but it cannot decree the independent payment of the money due, over, beyond (624) the value of the pledge. His Honor, therefore, erred in the decree as pronounced, because he therein merely declares that the defendant owed the plaintiffs a certain sum at the date of the mortgage, and that the same, with interest, is wholly unpaid, and therefore decrees that the defendant pay to the plaintiffs their said debt and interest, and, to that end, that a sale of the premises be made, and, after applying the proceeds, that execution go against the estate or person of the defendant for the residue. Upon the facts upon the face of the decree, therefore, it cannot stand.
Nor do we think that the allegations of the bill and the proofs will enable this Court to supply the defect in the decree by declaring the facts necessary to support it. There are cases in which this Court will decree the payment of a legal money demand. If the bond or other security be lost, by time or accident, the jurisdiction is established; a fortiori, it exists when the creditor has been deprived of them by the fraud of the other party. The object of the bill was to charge that case. The mortgage contains no acknowledgment of debt or covenant to pay money. It purports to be a bargain and sale for two lots of land in *Page 485 fee simple, in consideration of the sum of $1,502.84 paid by the plaintiffs to the defendant, on the day of the date, 19 March, 1832, with covenants of general warranty, with a proviso, to be void upon payment of the same sum in Charleston, South Carolina, by the defendant, on 11 January, 1834. On its face, therefore, it would not appear to be connected with a personal debt of the defendant. The bill charges, however, that it was; that in truth he owed the plaintiffs that sum for merchandise before sold, and for which they held his note; that, doubting his solvency, they wished further security, and that the defendant proposed to give a mortgage on this property by way of additional security, which they agreed to accept, it being represented to them that the property was of value to answer the debt. The bill then states that when the defendant was about to execute the deed, he claimed to have his note surrendered and canceled, which they acceded to, upon the belief that the defendant was better acquainted with business (625) than they were, and that the deed would be sufficient evidence of the debt, and also the lots a sufficient security; and the bill thereupon charges that in truth the lots will not pay more than half the debt, and that the defendant knew it at the time, and designed by his assertions to the contrary to obtain the surrender of his note upon a false pretense and to cheat them out of the money.
It is manifest that the whole fraud consists in the alleged false representations as to the value of the property. It is not a fraud to obtain a personal discharge from a debt by substituting a real security. It is often a better security and to the advantage of the creditor to get it. The circumstances of the defendant were doubted by the plaintiffs, as the bill admits; and it is not improbable that the creditors should prefer the mortgage, without any security against the original debtor, to his note or bond without the mortgage. The question is, did they or had they reason to expect both or only one? The presumption is the latter only, because they say they consented to give up the note. But they complain that they were entrapped into that. The answer is positive and precise to the contrary, and states that it was distinctly understood that the lots were to be the only security, and that the reason why he insisted on the clause for redemption was that the defendant really thought them worth more and hoped to redeem them. He admits that in that he has been disappointed, and the lots, like most property at county courthouses in the back country, have fallen. In these statements the answer is supported by the subscribing witnesses to the deed. They prove that at the execution of the mortgage the value of the lots was from $1,200 to $1,500; and that upon one of them advising the defendant not to redeem them, but let them go at the price, the defendant said they had cost him more and were worth more, and that the *Page 486 would redeem them if he could. The other witness says he thinks the lots are now worth the whole debt. Consequently the foundation (626) laid in the bill for a personal decree against the defendant sinks under the proofs.
As, however, the plaintiffs may possibly recover at law on the original sale and delivery of the goods, or in some other way, the Court will not simply foreclose the mortgage, but so much of the decree as directs a sale of the premises may be affirmed. The residue of the decree must be reversed, with costs in this Court, without cost to either party in the court below.
PER CURIAM. Decree reversed.
Cited: Green v. Crockett, 22 N.C. 393; Waddell v. Hewitt, 37 N.C. 253;Hyman v. Devereux, 63 N.C. 628.