This is an action by the endorsee against the endorsers in blank of a promissory note. The complaint alleges that the defendants were co-partners under the firm name of Lake Fuel Company; that on or about August 8th, 1921, one Gust Peterson executed and delivered his promissory note in writing, by the terms of which he promised to pay to the Lake Fuel Company sixty days thereafter the sum of $350.00, with interest at the rate of 8% per annum; that thereafter the said defendants, payees in said note, duly endorsed the same to the plaintiff; that at maturity thereof the plaintiff duly demanded payment of said note both from the maker and from the defendants endorsers; that payment was refused; that plaintiff *Page 796 is the owner and holder of the note and that no part thereof has been paid.
The answer admits that the defendants were a co-partnership as alleged in the complaint. It further admits the execution of the note, and "that said note was endorsed by the defendants to plaintiff herein, . . . and that plaintiff is the owner and holder of said note." The answer further alleges "that said note was accepted by plaintiff without recourse." The answer denies that the note was presented to the defendants for payment; and alleges that "defendants had no notice that the note was presented for payment until . . . the latter part of December, 1921."
The case was tried to a jury upon the issues thus framed and resulted in a directed verdict in favor of the plaintiff. Defendants moved for a new trial. The motion was denied and defendants have appealed.
The undisputed evidence shows that during the years 1920 and 1921 the defendants A.L. Williams and N.J. Rodenberg were co-partners, engaged in the fuel business under the firm name of Lake Fuel Company; that on or about September 10th, 1921 the partnership bought from the plaintiff a certain barn and as payment delivered to him $50.00 worth of coal and the note in controversy here. Before the note was delivered to the plaintiff it was endorsed in the name of the partnership by one of the partners. Upon the trial, the defendant Williams having been called as a witness in his own behalf, the following proceedings were had:
Direct Examination: Q. Mr. Williams do you recall the incident of this transaction relating to this note and the barn with Mr. Routier?
A. Yes sir.
Q. Just go ahead and relate the circumstances commencing with Mr. Routier coming down to your office?
Plaintiff's counsel: If the Court please we object to this line of testimony because it is an attempt to vary by parol the terms of a written contract, a written endorsement. If counsel wants to confine *Page 797 his questions to things that don't enter into a variation of that endorsement it will be all right.
Court: What have you got to say to that?
Defendants' Counsel: That might be applicable if the note was in the hands of another person but it is not applicable as to this man.
Court: That isn't the point, whether or not he is an innocent holder, but he says he has a written contract here, that that endorsement constitutes a written contract between these parties and that you are seeking to vary that by parol testimony.
Defendants' Counsel: It isn't a contract, it is an endorsement. If I trade a note with the understanding that it is a trade and they ask me to endorse it for the purpose of transferring title I certainly can show it. . . .
Court: Sustained.
Defendants' Counsel: So that we can keep the record I understand the ruling of the Court is this: that the evidence offered under the defense as set forth in the answer that the contract pleaded by the defendants was that the note was accepted without recourse is not admissible; that any testimony or claims by the defendants as to the note having been given without recourse under the contract made between the parties is not admissible as tending to vary the terms of the endorsement on the note — I simply want to get this for the record.
Court: That is the record. . . .
Defendants' Counsel: I would like to ask permission to amend the answer so as to set forth briefly the facts as stated to the Court. In other words to show that the endorsement was the result of a transaction whereby this note together with $50.00 worth of coal was traded to the defendants in consideration of a barn and that the endorsement was made simply for the purpose of transferring title under the contract of the parties, and that under the contract he was to look solely to the maker of the note for collection.
(Plaintiff's Counsel object to amendment of answer.)
Court: I don't see that the amendment would prejudice anybody but I don't see how it would do any good. I don't think it is anything but what you have pleaded except it enlarges on what you have already pleaded and I don't think it gets you anywhere. I think if you can prove your case under this amendment you could prove it under *Page 798 your original answer — I realize you didn't draw these pleadings. Denied.
(Both parties rest.)
Plaintiff's Counsel: At this time the plaintiff moves the court to direct a verdict in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendants for the amount prayed for.
Defendants' Counsel: I would like to have this put on the record — I think it would be foolish and futile for me to object — it would simply make further work.
Court: Under my view of the law there is nothing to submit to the jury and so —
Defendants' Counsel: No there is nothing to submit to the jury.
Court: Of course you don't admit that my ruling is right I understand that —
Defendants' Counsel: I want to protect myself on the record. I don't want to consent to the direction of a verdict if it is going to waive the proposition of law. . . .
Court: Let the records show that the sole question that this case is turning on is this matter of varying the terms of a written contract, viz.: the endorsement on the back of this note. That is the only thing in controversy here as I understand it so far as the law of this case is concerned.
Defendants' Counsel: Just as I pointed out before I want to show a contract between the parties as being an antecedent contract and that we are entitled to show that the endorsement was purely a matter of transfer of title under the antecedent contract.
Court: And that you aren't bound to pay this note and are not liable on it anyway?
Defendants' Counsel: That is it.
Court: That is the only defense you are making?
Defendants' Counsel: That is it.
On this appeal defendants present the following specifications of error:
1. The Court erred in directing a verdict with no proof on the part of the plaintiff that at the maturity of the note in question the plaintiff demanded payment of the maker and on payment being refused demanded payment of the endorsers. *Page 799
2. That the Court erred in not allowing testimony showing that the endorsement was for the sole purpose of transferring title to plaintiff, and was an accommodation to plaintiff, he being the owner of the note at the time of the endorsement pursuant to an agreement previously made, wherein plaintiff traded defendants a barn for the note in question and fifty dollars worth of coal. And that the endorsement was an after-thought on plaintiff's part and an accommodation on defendants' part.
3. That the Court should have allowed the amendment applied for by defendants to the answer setting forth more fully the facts.
1. The first assignment of error is without merit. There was positive proof of the ultimate fact which the assignment says had no support in the evidence. On direct examination, plaintiff testified:
Q. The note shows on its face to have been due on October 8th, did you demand payment of the maker of the note, Gust Peterson?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you demand payment from Mr. Williams and Mr. Rodenberg?
A. Yes sir.
Furthermore, no question was raised upon the trial as to presentment for payment, or notice of dishonor. On the contrary, as appears from the record quoted above, the case was tried upon the theory that the only question involved was whether the defendants were entitled to introduce parol evidence to show that the blank endorsement was in fact a qualified one. Under well settled rules, the defendants cannot now be heard to say that the proof adduced by the plaintiff upon the question of presentment for payment, and notice of dishonor was too uncertain or indefinite. 3 C.J. 389 et seq.
2-3. Specifications 2 and 3 may be considered together. Both involve the question whether the defendants were entitled to introduce parol evidence to show that the blank indorsement was in fact a qualified one; that the sole purpose of the endorsement was to transfer title of the note and that no liability was assumed thereby.
The Negotiable Instruments Act provides:
An instrument payable to order is negotiated by the endorsement of *Page 800 the holder completed by delivery. Neg. Inst. Law § 30; Comp. Laws 1913, § 6915.
"The endorsement must be written on the instrument itself or upon a paper attached thereto. The signature of the endorser, without additional words, is a sufficient endorsement." Neg. Inst. Law, § 31; Comp. Laws, 1913, § 6915.
"A person placing his signature upon an instrument otherwise than as a maker, drawer or acceptor is deemed to be an endorser, unless he clearly indicates by appropriate words his intention to be bound in some other capacity." Neg. Inst. Law, § 63; Comp. Laws, 1913, § 6948.
"Every endorser who endorses without qualification, warrants to all subsequent holders in due course:
"1. That the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it purports to be;
"2. That he has good title to it;
"3. That all prior parties had capacity to contract;
"4. That the instrument is at the time of his endorsement valid and subsisting.
"And, in addition, he engages that on due presentment, it shall be accepted or paid, or both, as the case may be, according to its entor, and that if it be dishonored, and the necessary proceedings on dishonor be duly taken he will pay the amount thereof to the holder, or to any subsequent endorser who may be compelled to pay it." Neg. Inst. Law, § 66; Comp. Laws, 1913, § 6951.
While there is some conflict in the authorities as to the contractual status and effect of a blank endorsement, as between the immediate parties, we are of the opinion that the true rule is that the contract evidenced by the endorsement and delivery of a negotiable note is an express written contract with certain fixed and definite terms and that the terms of such contract may not be contradicted or varied by parol evidence. Martin v. Cole,104 U.S. 30, 26 L. ed. 647; Schine v. Johnson, 92 Conn. 590, 4 A.L.R. 744, 103 A. 974; Palmersheim v. Hertel, 179 Wis. 291 191 N.W. 567; Baird v. Publishers' Nat. Serv. Bureau, 51 N.D. 374, 199 N.W. 759; 3 Jones, Ev. § 496, p. 409. See also 5 Uniform Laws Anno. p. 320; Crawford, Anno. Neg. Inst. Law, 4th ed. p. 123; Brannan, Neg. Inst. Law, 3d ed. p. 143. The provisions *Page 801 of the Negotiable Instruments Act quoted above recite the specific obligations assumed by a general endorser of a negotiable note and we see no reason why the terms of this contract are not as binding as though they were, in fact, written out in full over the signature of the endorser. Martin v. Cole, supra; Palmersheim v. Hertel, 179 Wis. 291, 191 N.W. 567.
"Where a man writes his name, without any thing more, on the back of a negotiable promissory note, he agrees that he will pay the note to the holder on receiving due notice that the maker, on demand made at the proper time, has neglected to pay it. This is the legal effect of the indorsement, and the case is not open to any intendment, certainly not to the presumption that the party meant to contract a different obligation." Seabury v. Hungerford, 2 Hill, 80-82. In other words, we are of the opinion that the contract evidenced by a regular blank endorsement of a negotiable note is, even as between the immediate parties thereto, subject to the rule — applicable to other written contracts — that the terms thereof may not be contradicted or varied by parol evidence. But, of course, it is also subject to the limitations which inhere in the rule stated. And, hence, while the endorser may not, by parol, vary or contradict the terms of the contract which the Negotiable Instruments Act, in effect, writes over his signature, he may — as in case of other written contracts — show want or failure of consideration; that the contract was delivered conditionally or for a special purpose; or that it is invalid on account of fraud or mistake.
Appellants contend that the evidence which they sought to introduce, and the agreement which they set forth in their proposed amendment of the answer, is not within the bar of the rule which inhibits the admission of parol evidence for the purpose of contradicting or varying the terms of a written contract. They assert that at some time prior to the endorsement and delivery of the note, the plaintiff and defendants entered into an oral contract under the terms of which the plaintiff sold a certain barn to the defendants, and the defendants in payment of the barn agreed to deliver to the plaintiff a certain quantity of coal and the note in suit; that as a result of this agreement the note became plaintiff's property; and that at a subsequent date, that is, — some time after the plaintiff had become the owner of the note, — the *Page 802 defendants endorsed the note for the sole purpose of transferring title to the plaintiff.
In our opinion appellants' argument is predicated upon a state of facts not established by the record. The second and third specifications of error rest upon two rulings (1) the sustaining of an objection to a question propounded to the defendant, Williams; and (2) the refusal of a proposed amendment of the answer.
Before the defendant, Williams, was called as a witness in his own behalf, the plaintiff had been cross-examined at considerable length in regard to the transaction between the plaintiff and the defendants, including the endorsement of the note. It was nowhere intimated in such cross-examination that the endorsement was made at a time subsequent to the time when the deal for the barn was made. There was no suggestion that there were two separate transactions: — first, one in which the parties made a deal whereby plaintiff became the owner of the note, and a subsequent transaction — disassociated from the first — in which the defendant endorsed the note which then was, and for some time prior thereto had been, the property of the plaintiff. On the contrary all the questions asked and all the answers given during such cross-examination, — and all the evidence adduced upon the trial — were consistent only with the theory that there was only one transaction between the parties; and that during this transaction the terms of the deal were agreed upon, and the note endorsed and delivered to the plaintiff. In fact the very question to which the objection was sustained, and the one immediately preceding it, indicates that there was only one transaction. The questions were:
Q. Mr. Williams do you recall the incident of this transaction relating to this note and the barn with Mr. Routier?
A. Yes sir.
Q. Just go ahead and relate the circumstances commencing with Mr. Routier coming down to your office?
It will be noted that the inquiry is as to "this transaction relating to this note and the barn." And, according to the undisputed evidence the note was endorsed before it was delivered to the plaintiff. In light of the record, we can understand the reference of defendants' counsel to an "antecedent contract" to mean only this: — that defendants *Page 803 claim and sought to show that at the time they bought the barn from the plaintiff and endorsed and delivered the note to him, they first talked the terms of the deal over, and it was agreed that plaintiff should sell the barn to the defendants, and receive from them in payment therefor the note in suit and a certain quantity of coal; that during this part of the conversation it was agreed that plaintiff should accept the note without the general endorsement of the defendants; that immediately after this conversation was had, at the same time and place, and as a part of the same general transaction in which they were then engaged, the defendants endorsed the note in blank and delivered it to the plaintiff for the purpose of transferring title, and with the continued understanding that they assumed no liability by their endorsement. This, we think, is the most favorable view to the plaintiff that the condition of the record warrants. And, we are agreed that in these circumstances the parol agreement which defendants sought to establish is within the inhibition of the parol evidence rule. Schine v. Johnson,92 Conn. 590, 4 A.L.R. 744, 103 A. 974; Baird v. Publishers' Nat. Serv. Bureau, 51 N.D. 374, 199 N.W. 759; Martin v. Cole,104 U.S. 30, 26 L. ed. 647; 3 Jones, Ev. pp. 150, 409.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
JOHNSON, BURKE, BIRDZELL, and NUESSLE, JJ., concur.
On petition for rehearing.