Appeals on questions of law from final judgments in two cases are presented to this court. The first appeal, No. 7405, involves an action by a husband for expenses, loss of consortium and other damages due to injuries suffered by his wife and alleged to be the proximate result of the concurrent negligence of two defendants.
The second, No. 7406, is an appeal in an action by the wife of the plaintiff in appeal No. 7405 for damages for injuries so incurred by her.
These appeals are considered together, and as disposition of the issues presented in case No. 7406, involving the action by the wife, will control the action of this court in case No. 7405, involving the action by the husband, case No. 7406 will be herein considered as to facts and law.
In each action the trial court sustained a demurrer to the petition for misjoinder of parties defendant, and, the plaintiff not desiring to plead further, final judgment dismissing the defendant The Cincinnati Street Railway Company was entered.
In case No. 7406, it appears, according to the allegations of the petition, that the plaintiff was injured as the proximate result of the "joint and concurring acts of negligence" of the defendant company, *Page 171 in whose streetcar plaintiff was a passenger, and of the defendant Walker, the operator of a truck which he negligently permitted to collide with such streetcar.
The trial court sustained a demurrer to the petition on the ground that there was a misjoinder of parties defendant, basing its conclusion upon the premise that the degree of care appropriate to one defendant, the operator of the truck, was not appropriate to the company which the trial court held was obliged to extend the highest degree of care to the passenger. The trial court relied upon the case of Seabold v. Dayton, 56 Ohio Law Abs., 417, 92 N.E.2d 701, as authority for its conclusion.
It appears from an examination of the Seabold case that the plaintiff therein was injured while a passenger in a bus of a street railway company, and that plaintiff's injuries were alleged to be the proximate result of the concurrent negligence of the street railway company and the city of Dayton, in that the latter permitted a rotten tree to exist on a public street in such city, which tree fell upon the bus while plaintiff was a passenger therein. The Court of Appeals of the Second Appellate District relied upon Bello v. City of Cleveland, 106 Ohio St. 94,138 N.E. 526; Village of Mineral City v. Gilbow, 81 Ohio St. 263,272, 273, 90 N.E. 800, 25 L.R.A. (N.S.), 627;Stark County Agricultural Society v. Brenner, 122 Ohio St. 560,574, 172 N.E. 659 (see especially the third paragraph of the syllabus); Dash v. Fairbanks Morse Co., 49 Ohio App. 57, 62,63, 195 N.E. 413; and noted that the plaintiff relied upon two cases, namely, Garbe v. Halloran, 156 Ohio St. 476,83 N.E.2d 217; and Cleveland Ry. Co. v. Heller, 15 Ohio App. 346.
In the instant case, the plaintiff contends that the authorities upon which the Court of Appeals of the *Page 172 Second Appellate District relied as well as Seabold v. City ofDayton, supra, are in direct conflict with the case of Wery v.Seff, 136 Ohio St. 307, 25 N.E.2d 692. The second, third, fourth, and fifth paragraphs of the syllabus in that case are as follows:
"2. The violation of an ordinance making it unlawful for the owner of a motor vehicle to permit a person under the age of sixteen years to operate such vehicle upon any thoroughfare of the municipality constitutes negligence as a matter of law.
"3. A parent violating such ordinance by placing his automobile in sole charge of his child, becomes answerable in damages on the basis of his culpability in affording the child the opportunity of inflicting harm, where injury to a third person on a street of the municipality follows as a direct result of the careless operation thereof.
"4. In the event of injury to a third person under such circumstances, liability of the parent and child is not only primary but joint and several, and both may be joined as parties defendant in an action for damages on account of the injury.
"5. When two or more persons, under circumstances creating primary accountability, directly produce a single, indivisible injury by their concurrent negligence, they are jointly and severally liable, even though there is no common duty, common design or concerted action."
The defendant company on the other hand contends that the case of Stark County Agricultural Society v. Brenner, 122 Ohio St. 560,172 N.E. 659, still states the law applicable where defendants joined in an action owed different "degrees of care" to the plaintiff, and that although Wery v. Seff, supra, may be considered as an authority for the rule that it is not necessary now to show joint or concerted action in order to *Page 173 permit joinder if the negligence of defendants joined in an action is concurrent, still the requirement that the degrees of care must also be identical is the law under AgriculturalSociety v. Brenner, supra. In other words, the contention of the defendant company is that the third paragraph of the syllabus in the Agricultural Society case has not been completely overruled by the fifth paragraph of the syllabus of Wery v. Seff, supra, and that that paragraph may be still considered as law to the extent that in order to permit joinder of defendants it must appear that "the want of care of each is of the same character as the want of care of the other," although the defendant company still clings to the terminology, "degrees of care." Defendant company seeks to reinforce this position by pointing out that the degrees of care of the defendants involved inWery v. Seff were identical, and that the Supreme Court in the fifth paragraph of the syllabus did not specifically refer to the third paragraph of the syllabus of Stark County AgriculturalSociety v. Brenner or state that a requirement of like character was no longer necessary for joinder.
The first contention of the company that Wery v. Seff involved defendants obligated by identical "degrees of care" will be passed for the moment.
As to the second contention that Stark County AgriculturalSociety v. Brenner is not specifically overruled in the syllabus in Wery v. Seff (which of course is a fact), it appears from an examination of the Agricultural Society case that the third paragraph of the syllabus as well as that portion of the opinion on page 574 consists of obiter dicta and, therefore, required scant attention by a court later considering such case as an authority. 11 Ohio Jurisprudence, 772, "Courts," Section 123. In the opinion in the Agricultural Society case, Judge Marshall stated, on page 574: *Page 174
"Even if there were negligence on the part of the agricultural society, its want of care must be of a different character from that charged against DeMichele. DeMichele is liable, if at all, for his negligence in leaving the explosive upon the fair grounds. The agricultural society is liable only if, knowing the existence of the explosive on the grounds, it failed to remove it."
It appears also from this quotation that even in such obiter, and hence in the portion of the syllabus predicated thereon, the court did not consider "degrees of care," but rather merely the character of care required of joined defendants. In any event, in view of the attitude of the court toward the merits of the case and the absence of negligence by the agricultural society, it was entirely unnecessary to pass upon the subject matter of the third paragraph of the syllabus.
At this point it seems appropriate, however, to consider what has been said concerning "degrees of care."
In 29 Ohio Jurisprudence, 408, "Negligence," Section 26, it is stated:
"A classification of care into degrees is subject to the same criticism as a classification of negligence into degrees. In general, although exceptions apparently exist, the courts of Ohio have not differentiated as to the degree of care in an action for damages for a tort, the rule being that an individual is obligated to exercise ordinary care. What constitutes ordinary care necessarily varies with the facts and circumstances of each particular case. However, while the amount of care required may be different under various conditions, the degree required is the same, namely, that of ordinary care under all the circumstances. In other words, the amount of care exacted in specific cases may increase or diminish according to the circumstances, *Page 175 but the standard does not change. While the language of the Ohio cases occasionally appears to be inconsistent with this outlook, the underlying philosophy of Ohio negligence law is in accord with it. For example, it is asserted that the duty of a common carrier of passengers, under most circumstances, is to exercise the highest degree of care for their safety. This `highest degree' of care, however, may well be regarded as but `ordinary' care under the circumstances, the carrier-passenger relationship constituting one of the most significant circumstances." See, also, 29 Ohio Jurisprudence, 400, "Negligence," Section 20.
Now, if the same character of care is required, then it may be safely concluded that few, if any, cases would arise where such character of care would be identical. Certainly, the several characters of care involved in Wery v. Seff were no more similar than those involved in Stark County AgriculturalSociety v. Brenner. The former case involved the violation of wholly dissimilar city ordinances by the defendants; the second case involved an obligation on the part of DeMichele not to leave an explosive on the fair grounds and an obligation on the part of the agricultural society not to leave it on the fair grounds after notice of its existence thereon.
The defendant company cannot sustain its position by the assertion that in Wery v. Seff both defendants were charged with negligence per se. Even if such were the case, the description of negligence as per se does not refer to a differentiation of character or degree of care, but to the method of proof. InSwoboda v. Brown, 129 Ohio St. 512, 196 N.E. 274, the fourth paragraph of the syllabus is:
"The distinction between negligence and `negligence per se' is the means and method of ascertainment. The *Page 176 former must be found by the jury from the facts, the conditions and circumstances disclosed by the evidence; the latter is a violation of a specific requirement of law or ordinance, the only fact for determination by the jury being the commission or omission of the specific act inhibited or required."
Defendant company refers to a statement of Judge Zimmerman inWery v. Seff, supra, at page 312, as follows:
"Concerning this case [Agricultural Society v. Brenner] it is submitted that the judgment of reversal was quite proper, but that the general proposition of law contained in the third paragraph of the syllabus, to the effect that tort-feasors may be joined only when they have acted in concert in the execution of a common purpose and when their negligence is of the same character, is too narrowly stated. `Joint Torts and Several Liability' (Prosser), 25 California Law Review, 413, 432;Boyd v. Watts, 27 Ohio St. 259, 269; Covington Transfer Co. v.Kelly, 36 Ohio St. 86, 90, 38 Am. Rep., 558."
The last case cited by Judge Zimmerman is of peculiar interest. It involved an action by a passenger on a street railway car, who was injured when such car of a defendant collided with a wagon of a codefendant in Cincinnati, Ohio. In the opinion in Covington Transfer Co. v. Kelly, 36 Ohio St. 86, 38 Am. Rep., 558, it is stated:
"The exact question presented by this record, as we understand the bill of exceptions, arises upon the fact assumed in the request to charge and in the charge as given to the jury, that the wrongful acts of the defendants below, the railroad company and the transfer company, were not only concurrent in point of time and place, but in such manner that the wrongful *Page 177 act of each was a direct and proximate course [sic] of the injury complained of by the plaintiff; and this being so, it matters not whether the act of each, without the concurrence of the other, would have produced the injury, or, that the negligence of neither would have caused it without such concurrence; so that upon general principles and reason both or either ought to make compensation therefor. The general rule undoubtedly is, that where damage is caused by the joint or concurrent wrongful acts of two or more persons, they may be prosecuted therefor jointly or severally."
And, again, on page 93, it is stated:
"But, however this may be, we are unanimous in the opinion that for a personal injury to a passenger, who is himself without fault, occasioned by the joint and concurring negligence of the carrier and another person, there is no sound principle of law which precludes the injured party from seeking redress from both or either of the wrong-doers."
The rule in Wery v. Seff is reaffirmed in Gurbe v. Halloran,150 Ohio St. 476, 83 N.E.2d 217.
Considerations of reason and justice do not tend to support the position of the defendant company. If Walker, the operator of the truck which collided with the streetcar in the instant case, complained about being associated with a codefendant, who, by reason of the circumstances in this case, was required to use more care toward its passenger than he, Walker, was required to use in the operation of his truck, a court, if the law were not fixed as it is, might be inclined to consider some possible prejudice as to him in being so associated with such codefendant. But how the railway company in the present action can so claim any possible prejudice is entirely beyond conception.
It is the conclusion of this court that the judgment *Page 178 of the trial court in each of the cases must be reversed and the causes remanded to such court, with instructions to overrule the demurrer in each case.
Judgments reversed.
HILDEBRANT. P. J., MATTHEWS and ROSS, JJ., concur in the syllabus, opinion, and judgment.