Two actions were instituted in the Common Pleas Court of Greene County by Jeannette Marie Stone, formerly the wife of Sylvan Ray Garver, deceased, for declaratory judgments seeking to determine who was entitled to the proceeds of two insurance policies issued on the life of the decedent, Garver. The actions, involving the same questions of law, were heard and decided together.
During the pendency of the litigation, the plaintiff, *Page 54 Jeannette Marie Stone, died, and the actions were revived in the name of her administrator, John C. Glenn, who appeals to this court on questions of law from an adverse judgment of the trial court.
On January 4, 1943, Garver purchased an insurance policy and a trust certificate (in the nature of an insurance policy) and named his then wife, Jeannette Marie Garver, as beneficiary, reserving the right to change the beneficiary. On July 5, 1944, Jeanette Marie Garver obtained a divorce in the state of Florida and was restored to her maiden name of Jeannette Stone. On July 18, 1944, Garver, while serving as a pilot in the Royal Air Force, Air Transport Command, and while stationed in the city of Montreal, Canada, executed his will in which he gave all his property to his wife, "including all or any insurance policies on my life," and provided further: "Should I die unmarried, I hereby give and bequeath all my said property to my grandmother, Mrs. Frank Stephens, presently residing at 43 Clover Street, Fairfield, Ohio."
On December 16, 1944, Garver disappeared at sea and was subsequently listed as dead.
The actions for declaratory judgments were brought by Jeannette Marie Stone, the former wife of the decedent, for the purpose of securing judgments declaring that she was entitled to the proceeds of the policies. Permelia Stephens, as an individual and also as administratrix with the will annexed of Sylvan Ray Garver, deceased, and designated in his will as Mrs. Frank Stephens, the Investors Syndicate of America, Inc., and The Western Southern Life Insurance Company were named parties defendant. The two insurance companies interpleaded, acknowledging their obligation to pay, and paid into court the amounts due under their respective policies.
The question presented is whether the insured could change the beneficiary named in the policies by the *Page 55 execution of a will. The policies contained provisions setting forth the steps to be taken in order to effect a change of beneficiary. The record does not disclose that the insured made any attempt to change the beneficiary in the manner prescribed in the policies. At the time of the death of the insured, his former wife, Jeannette Marie Garver, remained the designated beneficiary of the policies.
The trial court found that the insured by the execution of his will clearly indicated his intentions to change the beneficiary and did all that he could do under the circumstances to effect the change. The court found that the defendant Permelia Stephens was the beneficiary and entitled to the proceeds of the policies.
The only error assigned by the plaintiff-appellant is that the judgment of the Common Pleas Court is contrary to law.
It is contended that where a married woman is named as a beneficiary in a policy of insurance on the life of her husband, she is entitled to the proceeds of the policy, notwithstanding a divorce obtained by her before his death. Counsel for the plaintiff cite in support of this proposition Overhiser, Admx., v. Overhiser, 63 Ohio St. 77, 57 N.E. 965; Treadway v.Tewksbury, 38 Ohio Law Abs., 220, 49 N.E.2d 955;Hergenrather v. State Mutual Life Assur. Co., 79 Ohio App. 116,68 N.E.2d 833; 29 American Jurisprudence, 976, Section 1309. It is conceded that the fact that plaintiff's decedent was divorced from the insured would not deprive her estate of the right to recover the proceeds of the policies in which she was named as beneficiary.
It is also contended that where the policy provides the steps to be taken to effect a change in the beneficiarcy such provisions of the policy must be followed to effect such a change. 29 American Jurisprudence, *Page 56 984, Section 1315. This rule of strict construction has long since been abandoned by the courts in Ohio. It has been held that the provisions in a policy with respect to the manner in which the change of beneficiary can be effected is for the benefit and protection of the insurer and may be waived by it.Atkinson v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 114 Ohio St. 109,150 N.E. 748; Arnold v. Newcomb, 104 Ohio St. 578, 136 N.E. 206;Glen v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 73 Ohio App. 452,56 N.E.2d 951; Union Central Life Ins. Co. v. Macbrair, 66 Ohio App. 144,31 N.E.2d 172; Pennsylvania Mutual Life Ins. Co. v.Mecklenborg, Admr., 16 Ohio Law Abs., 162.
It has also been held that, in any controversy between a former named beneficiary and a new beneficiary, if the insurance company interpleads in an action to recover the proceeds of the policy, it thereby waives any interest in the outcome of the action and the cause shall proceed between the respective claimants uninfluenced by any rights or interest of the insurance company. Atkinson v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,supra.
In the instant case the insuring companies, having interpleaded and paid the amounts due under their policies into court, are no longer interested in the outcome of this proceeding. The above-cited cases are authority for the proposition that a strict compliance with the terms of a policy with respect to the method of changing the beneficiary is not required, and if the insured, during his lifetime, clearly indicates his intention to change the beneficiary the consent of the insurance company is not essential. Atkinson v.Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., supra.
However, the principle of law laid down in those cases does not reach the question presented here.
The question before us is: Can the insured change the beneficiary by a provision in his will? *Page 57
Where the insured reserves the right to change the beneficiary named in the policy such beneficiary's interest is not vested but remains only an expectancy during the life of the insured, contingent upon the designated beneficiary being the beneficiary at the time of the insured's death. If no change is made during the life of the insured, the interest of the beneficiary becomes vested at the insured's death. Katz v.Ohio National Bank, 127 Ohio St. 531, 191 N.E. 782;Arnold v. Newcomb, supra, 586; 46 Corpus Juris Secundum, 62. In 29 American Jurisprudence, 952, Section 1276, it is stated that upon the death of the insured without changing the beneficiary in fact or law, the fixed rights of the beneficiary cannot be affected by any subsequent act of the insurer. Payment of funds into court neither improves nor prejudices the legal position of either party. McDonald v. McDonald, 212 Ala. 137, 102 So. 38, 36 A. L. R., 761. In Miller v. Miller, 200 Iowa 1070,205 N.W. 870, 43 A. L. R., 567, it was held that the method prescribed in the policy for a change of beneficiary is exclusive and the insured cannot change the beneficiary by will.
In 46 Corpus Juris Secundum, 85, Section 1176, is found this statement:
"Where the policy prescribes and regulates the method of changing the beneficiary, the method prescribed is generally held to be exclusive to the extent that insured may not change the beneficiary by will and thereby dispose differently of the proceeds of the policy."
The precise question presented in the instant case was determined in Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Mallory, 291 Mich. 701,289 N.W. 302; Cook v. Cook, 17 Cal. 2d 639,111 P.2d 322; and Parks' Exrs. v. Parks, 288 Ky. 435,156 S.W.2d 480.
In the Michigan case the court held that the insured did not evidence any intention to change the beneficiary *Page 58 during his lifetime and in attempting such change by will his intention became effective only on his death.
In the California case the court held that a beneficiary under a will has no vested right until the death of the testator; that the right of the beneficiary to the proceeds of a life insurance policy becomes vested upon the death of the insured, and no expression in the insured's will purporting to change the beneficiary can be effective.
In the Kentucky case the court held that the right of the beneficiary in a policy of insurance is more than a mere expectancy, but that such right is subject to be defeated by the insured by the exercise of his right to change the beneficiary. The court in that case also held that if the insured did all that he could do during his lifetime to change the beneficiary, a court of equity will regard that as done which ought to have been done and will uphold the change of beneficiary even though the insured did not comply with the terms of the policy in that regard. It held also that the rights of a beneficiary under a policy of insurance became vested upon the death of the insured and that a change of beneficiary cannot be effected by will.
The Kentucky court, on page 442, discussed the exceptions in the following language:
"There are cases holding that one may effectually dispose of the proceeds of his life insurance by will even though he had specifically named some individual as beneficiary therein. But we apprehend that most of them dealt with policies which contained no restriction on the manner of changing the beneficiary or were benefit certificates of fraternal societies with special regulations, or the named beneficiary predeceased the insured, or there was a failure to draw a distinction between the conditions of the policies."
It must be observed that the law applicable to the payment of the proceeds of a policy issued by a benefit *Page 59 society is not applicable to the question presented in the instant case.
It is contended in this case that the insured manifested his intention to change the beneficiary during his lifetime by the execution of his will.
This contention is disposed of by the case of Aetna Life Ins.Co. v. Mallory, supra, cited in the Parks case in which the court made this statement on page 444:
"In that case a year elapsed between the making of the will changing the beneficiary in the policy and the death of the insured, during which time he did not endeavor to communicate such change to the insurance company. It was held that he was presumed to know the law that a will is ineffective until death and that a change in the beneficiary of the policy could not be made then. It was further held that the will itself could not be said to be a present assignment of the policy because a will is revocable and the beneficiaries named in it have no vested rights before the testator's death."
In refusing to apply the equitable principle the court, on page 444, said:
"The case at bar is not one where equity should declare done that which ought to have been done by holding the disposition of the will to be a substantial compliance with the conditions of the policies."
The court then stated a very practical reason for its holding:
"On the proposition of nonprejudice and actual protection of the companies in the instant case by reason of these proceedings, it may be suggested that the case must be decided by the rule and the rule cannot be altered to fit the case. We cannot declare the law to be that an insured person may have a post-mortem change in the beneficiary, for such rule would not only destroy vested rights but would be perilous to all insurance companies. None could safely pay the proceeds of any *Page 60 policy until the probate of a will was barred by the statute of limitations."
On the effect of the insurance companies' interpleading and paying the money into court, the court, on page 446, stated:
"The appellants press their contention that all the insurance companies in this case waived their rights in that respect by not having pleaded them and by standing by indifferently, merely seeking the direction of the court as to the payment of the proceeds either to plaintiffs or to the defendants. * * * But the better reasoning, it seems to us, and the weight of authority are that the rule of waiver does not extend beyond the death of the insured. That the rights of the beneficiaries vest at that time is not open to question. * * *"
The court then cited and quoted from Metropolitan Life Ins.Co. v. Jones, 307 Ill. App. 652, 30 N.E.2d 937, 939, as follows:
"`This position is untenable. When the insurance company was faced with the conflicting claims of defendants, it unquestionably had the right to ask the court by interpleader to determine to which of the claimants the proceeds of the policy rightfully belonged and thereby protect itself against possibility of double liability. It would be a strange doctrine which would permit the insurer to go into court in this manner to protect its own right and by so doing waive the rights of others. The rights of the respective parties to the fund were fixed by law upon the death of the insured and could not be affected by the action of the insurer in bringing the money into court by interpleader in order to be relieved of litigation because of conflicting claims to it.'"
See, also, Wannamaker v. Stroman, 167 S.C. 484,166 S.E. 621.
We revert to a consideration of the first paragraph *Page 61 of the syllabus in Atkinson v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,supra, which is as follows:
"Where a life insurance policy contains therein written a condition that such `policy is written with the right of the insured to change the beneficiary,' such right is absoluteand may be exercised at any time during the lifetime of theinsured and the consent of the insurance company is not essential thereto." (Emphasis ours.)
We have been able to find only one reported case in Ohio in which this question has been determined. In Bennett, Exrx., v.Bennett, 70 Ohio App. 187, 45 N.E.2d 614, the first paragraph of the syllabus is as follows:
"Neither the beneficiary of a life insurance policy nor the beneficiary of a joint and survivorship bank account can be changed by a residuary clause in a will."
On page 188 the court stated:
"The evidence before this court justifies the conclusion that the life insurance money paid to the wife in her individual capacity as the named beneficiary in the insurance policy is not an asset of the estate of her husband, and the provision in the residuary clause of the will which bequeaths to the testator's son and his wife, `share and share alike, all the residue of * * * [the testator's] estate, both real and personal, including insurance,' does not effect a change of beneficiary. The evidence is conclusive of the fact that no attempt was made by the testator in his lifetime to comply with the terms of the contract of insurance regulating a change of beneficiary. And under such circumstances the general language used in the residuary clause of his will does not effect such a change when at the time of execution and thereafter the contract of insurance was in force." *Page 62
It is elementary that a will is not effective and does not become operative until the death of the testator. We also find the law to be that the right of the beneficiary to the proceeds of a life insurance policy becomes vested upon the death of the insured. The rights of the plaintiff's decedent, the designated beneficiary in the policies, became vested at the moment that the will of the insured became operative. If we were to hold that the insured may change the beneficiary in a life insurance policy by so providing in his will the effect would be to permit the insured to destroy vested rights. This may not be done. In the instant case, the insured did not manifest an intention, by the execution of his will, to change the beneficiary in the policies during his lifetime.
The execution of the will by the insured, in which he made provision for change of beneficiary in the two life insurance policies in question, was not effective to deprive the beneficiary, designated in the policies of insurance, on the date of insured's death of the proceeds of such policies. The plaintiff's decedent being the designated beneficiary in the policies at the time of the insured's death, the plaintiff was entitled to judgment as prayed for.
Judgment reversed.
MILLER, P. J., and HORNBECK, J., concur. *Page 63