Defendant Marvin Beach appeals from the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief and from the trial court's denial of his motion to vacate this ruling. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
I For his second assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for post-conviction relief because, he contends, the order and journal entry which affirmed his conviction have been reversed by State v.Williford (May 19, 1988), Cuyahoga App. No. 54193, unreported, 1988 WL 51556, affirmed (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d 247,551 N.E.2d 1279. This claim lacks merit.
Initially, we note with respect to procedure that changes in precedent are generally prospective in application. See State v.Howard (1989), *Page 231 42 Ohio St.3d 18, 26, 537 N.E.2d 188, 195. Moreover, with respect to the substantive law, we hold that no change in precedent has occurred in this instance. That is, in his direct appeal, defendant argued, inter alia, that the trial court erred in refusing to give the jury the following instruction regarding self-defense:
"A homeowner lawfully inside his home has the right to resist and to kill any person who commits or attempts to commit a felony against the homeowner, any of the occupants or to the property."
We rejected defendant's claim, and stated:
"This instruction is clearly deficient. It eliminates the need for honest belief of imminent danger, and creates an absolute right to use deadly force against any type of felony, whether life-threatening or not, so long as one is in his home. See Marts v. State (1875), 26 Ohio St. 162 (necessity of bona fide belief of imminent danger); State v. Peacock (1883),40 Ohio St. 333 (adoption of Marts requirements even when in home)." See State v. Beach (Nov. 7, 1985), Cuyahoga App. No. 49720, unreported, 1985 WL 8412.
Next in defendant's direct appeal, we considered the trial court's instruction regarding exceptions to an accused's duty to retreat:
"You will recall that one of the elements necessary for the defendant to establish, with respect to the defense of self-defense, is that the defendant must not have violated any duty to retreat or avoid the danger.
"You are instructed that if a person's assault is without fault and in a place where he has a right to be and is put in reasonably apparent danger of losing his life or receiving great bodily harm, he need not retreat, but may stand his ground,repel force by force, and if in reasonable exercise ofself-defense he kills his assailant, he is justified. There is no duty to retreat where the assault is felonious and produced imminent danger of death or great bodily harm." (Emphasis added.)
We approved this instruction, stating:
"The court's instructions adequately directed the jury to consider the defendant's location, his right to be there andhis lack of any duty to retreat." (Emphasis added.) Id.
We again considered an accused's duty to retreat in State v.Williford, supra. In that case, we reversed the defendant's conviction because while the evidence established that the defendant was attacked in his own home, the trial court failed to instruct the jury that he had no duty to retreat from the attack. We expressly distinguished the Beach decision, moreover, as the trial court in Beach did instruct the jury that there is no duty to retreat if attacked *Page 232 in a place "where [one] has a right to be * * *." State v.Williford, supra, at 22-23.
Accordingly, Williford cannot be held to have reversedBeach, for while both cases involved violence in the defendant's own home, the Beach court apprised the jury of the accused's lack of duty to retreat in the situation and the Williford court did not. Indeed, the Beach court's instruction regarding the lack of duty to retreat was subsequently determined to be overbroad in favor of the defense in State v. Jackson (1986),22 Ohio St.3d 281, 283-284, 22 OBR 452, 454, 490 N.E.2d 893, 896, as the Supreme Court stated:
"This court held in State v. Robbins (1979), 58 Ohio St.2d 74,79-80 [12 O.O.3d 84, 87-88, 388 N.E.2d 755, 758-759], quoting State v. Melchior (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d 15 [10 O.O.3d 8,381 N.E.2d 195], that `"[t]o establish self-defense, the following elements must be shown: (1) the slayer was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the affray * * * [citations omitted]; (2) the slayer has a bona fide belief that he was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that his only means of escape from such danger was in the use of such force * * * [citations omitted]; and (3) the slayer must not have violated any duty to retreat or avoid the danger, State v.Peacock (1883), 40 Ohio St. 333, 334; Graham v. State (1918),98 Ohio St. 77, 79 [120 N.E. 232, 233]."' The Peacock andGraham cases state, respectively, that one has no duty to retreat if he is assaulted in his home or business.
"In contrast, appellant's proposed instruction states in essence that as long as a person is in any place where he has a right to be, there is no duty to retreat from an attack. As the appellate court noted, under appellant's instruction any one in a public place, or any invitee or licensee, would be in a place where he has a right to be and would thus have no duty to retreat. This instruction is clearly an overbroad and incorrectstatement of the law on the duty to retreat as set forth inRobbins, supra, which incorporates exceptions to the duty toretreat only when one is in his home or business. Thus, thetrial court did not err by overruling appellant's proposedinstruction." (Emphasis added.)
For the foregoing reasons, defendant's second assignment of error is overruled.
II In his first assignment of error, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to vacate its ruling on his petition for post-conviction relief because he was not apprised of this ruling, contrary to the mandates of Atkinson v.Grumman Ohio Corp. (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 80, 523 N.E.2d 851, andMoldovan v. Cuyahoga Cty. Welfare Dept. (1986), 25 Ohio St.3d 293, *Page 233 25 OBR 343, 496 N.E.2d 466. Because this court has accepted defendant's appeal out of rule and has considered its merits, the mandate of these cases has been satisfied. SeeAtkinson v. Grumman Ohio Corp., supra, at 84-85,523 N.E.2d at 855-856; Moldovan v. Cuyahoga Cty. Welfare Dept., supra, at 294-295, 25 OBR at 344-345, 496 N.E.2d at 466-468. See, also,Abbott v. Stepanik (1989), 43 Ohio St.3d 128, 539 N.E.2d 157. Thus, defendant's first assignment of error is overruled.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
PATTON, C.J., MATIA and JOHN F. CORRIGAN, JJ., concur.