This matter arises in an action in which the plaintiffs below allege that the will of Maria J. Cave was not her last will and testament. The statutory issues were made and the matter submitted to a jury upon the evidence. The jury sustained the will. Errors assigned are to the effect (1) that the verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence and to law; (2) that the court erred in admitting testimony offered by defendants and objected to by plaintiffs; (3) that the court erred in refusing to give special instructions requested by plaintiffs; and (4) that the court erred in giving special instructions requested by the defendants.
Maria J. Cave was 86 years of age when the instrument purporting to be her will was signed. Her husband died intestate in 1935, leaving Maria J. his only heir. She died on May 14, 1937. By the instrument purporting to be her will she disposed of about $75,000 *Page 198 of property, much of which came from her deceased husband. She made bequests to her husband's relatives and also to her own. The contest was based upon the claim of the plaintiffs that the testatrix was without proper testamentary capacity and that she was under undue influence at the time she made the will. Bequests were made to certain individuals who were not related to her or her husband by blood. Among these were one Arthur Maddox, a friend, and Norman L. McLean and his wife, Blanche. Norman L. McLean was the attorney for the deceased husband, C.A. Cave, and for the testatrix.
Norman L. McLean was designated as executor. The will was properly probated.
The first assignment of error is to the effect that the verdict sustaining the will is against the weight of the evidence and contrary to law. This requires the court to read the bill of exceptions which is voluminous. Many witnesses were examined by each side, and as is usual in such cases some supported the claim of the plaintiffs, while another group supported the defendants' claim. The verdict of the jury was to the effect that the paper writing was the last will and testament of Mrs. Cave, and such verdict was signed by 12 jurors. The matter was eminently a question for a jury and this court upon the reading of the record finds no occasion to support the assignment that the verdict is contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. We feel that it is abundantly supported by the record.
No complaint is made as to the general charge of the court. It seems to be a clear statement of the law applicable to the issues and the evidence. However, there is serious objection to the refusal of the court to give certain special instructions requested by the plaintiffs and to the giving of certain special instructions requested by the defendants. The court refused to give instructions 2, 3, 7, 8 and 9 requested by the plaintiffs but gave 9 other special instructions so requested. *Page 199
Instruction No. 2 requested by the plaintiffs and refused by the court was as follows:
"2. I charge you that in the event you find by a preponderance of the evidence that any part of said will, or any benefit given in said will, was a result of undue influence, that such influence would invalidate the entire will of the testatrix, and you should find by your verdict that the paper writing is not the valid last will and testament of Maria J. Cave."
Plaintiffs' instruction No. 3, refused by the court, also related to undue influence.
The court below stated that "special instructions Nos. 2 and 3 were refused for the sole reason that they did not fully state the rule as to the burden of proof resting upon the plaintiffs in that they did not incorporate and give effect to the presumption of the validity which arises from the probate of the will."
The case of West v. Lucas, 106 Ohio St. 255, 139 N.E. 859, holds the following:
"Instructions by the trial court in a will contest must clearly define the rule that the evidence introduced by contestant, in order that he may prevail, must be a preponderance, outweighing both the evidence produced by the contestee and the presumption of validity that arises from probate of the will."
See, also, Kennedy, Exr., v. Walcutt, 118 Ohio St. 442,161 N.E. 336.
In Van Demark v. Tompkins, Exr., 121 Ohio St. 129,167 N.E. 370, Judge Day, delivering the opinion of the court, on page 133, comments on the case of Hall, Exrx., v. Hall, 78 Ohio St. 415,85 N.E. 1125, and states:
"However, the language of the sixth syllabus of the case ofKennedy, Exr., v. Walcutt, supra, or of the syllabus of this case, states the rule in form less liable to misconstruction than does the language of the Hall case, and we suggest that in the trial of will contests *Page 200 the rule as indicated in the Kennedy case or in this case be followed."
In Hall, Exrx., v. Hall, supra, a journal entry discloses the rule there pronounced by the court, to the effect that a charge to the jury is misleading and erroneous if it nowhere distinctly states or sufficiently emphasizes that the order of probate of the will by the Probate Court raises a presumption that the will so probated is the valid last will of the testator. It was held in that case that the court did not clearly explain to the jury the legal effect of the provision of the statute.
Judge Day in the Van Demark case comments upon the case ofHall, Exrx., v. Hall, just cited, as follows:
"This language is found in a journal entry and is not in the form of a syllabus or per curiam and is to be construed in the light of the specific facts and circumstances disclosed by the record in that case."
In the case of Steinle v. Kester, 46 Ohio App. 245,188 N.E. 395, it was held that the order of probate is prima facie evidence of attestation as well as execution and validity of a will, citing Section 12083, General Code. It is further held that instructions in a will contest must clearly define the rule that evidence introduced by contestants, to warrant setting aside the will, must by preponderance outweigh both the evidence produced by the contestees and the presumption of validity arising from the probate of the will.
In view of these authorities we are of the opinion that the court below committed no error in refusing special instructions Nos. 2 and 3, for the reason that such instructions did not incorporate the necessary references to the order of probate.
Requests Nos. 7, 8 and 9 were also refused. They are as follows:
"7. In such a case as the present, in which the person who writes the will, is the attorney for the testatrix and a stranger to the blood of the testatrix and *Page 201 takes a large interest under it, there is a presumption of undue influence. Such presumption of undue influence is an inference of fact which the jury may draw but is not conclusive nor a presumption of law.
"8. This case being one in which the person who wrote the will, namely, Norman L. McLean, takes a large benefit under it, in order to show that the testatrix Maria J. Cave, knew the contents of the will, a preponderance of the evidence must show that the will was read to her or read by her before she signed it or that she gave instructions for such a will or to prove some other fact or facts equal as evidence to one of these.
"9. In such a case as the present in which the person who writes the will takes a large interest under it and he is a stranger to the blood of the testatrix, the presumption is that the testatrix, although signing the will, did not know its contents, and the burden is on him who wrote the will to rebut and overcome this presumption by showing that the testatrix did know the contents of the will."
These refused special instructions involve the same questions and need not be separately discussed.
We are frank to say we have had some difficulty with this matter.
Instructions Nos. 7 and 9 are to the effect that where the person who writes the will is a stranger to the blood of the testatrix and takes a large interest under the will, there is apresumption of undue influence and a presumption that the testatrix did not know the contents of the will, and that the burden is upon the one who wrote the will to rebut and overcome this presumption. The refused instruction No. 7 states that such presumption is an inference of fact which the jury may draw but is not conclusive nor a presumption of law.
Inasmuch as counsel have, in the 7th and 9th proffered instructions, used the word "presumption" it might be well to ascertain whether there is a definite *Page 202 meaning attached to this word under the law of Ohio.
In the case of Ensel v. Lumber Ins. Co. of New York, 88 Ohio St. 269, at 282, 102 N.E. 955, Judge Wilkin, in delivering the opinion of the court, makes this statement:
"The error of counsel throughout this case, lies in a confusion of terms. They mistake inference for presumption — a slip too often unconsciously made by judges as well as lawyers. A presumption is a rule which the law makes upon a given state of facts; an inference is a conclusion which, by means of data founded upon common experience, natural reason draws from facts which are proven.
"A presumption of law may be prima facie only — that is, a hypothesis which will admit of proof to the contrary; or it may be absolute — that is, a postulate which, for reasons of legal policy, the law will not permit to be contradicted."
We find some principles enunciated in Ohio having to do with those who have confidential relations with the testator, and are favored beneficiaries. The matter was under consideration inHall, Exrx., v. Hall, supra, and there related only to the relationship of trust or confidence and did not specifically relate to one who, occupying such a position, actually drew the instrument which the testatrix signed. We find this on page 416:
"And that the court erred in charging that, `The law also scrutinizes with greater care the acts of the son or daughter who is remembered in a will to a larger extent than are others bearing the same kinship, if such son or daughter is in a close relationship of trust or confidence, or upon whom a testatrix would implicitly rely, than it would on others bearing no such relationship."
The matter is also discussed in the case of Haley v. Dempsey,Exr., 14 Ohio App. 326:
"5. The so-called presumption of undue influence *Page 203 arising from confidential relations between testator and beneficiary is a mere inference of fact and not a presumption of law regarding which the court should charge the jury."
The court on page 332 quotes with approval from Page on Wills (1 Ed.), 492, Section 414:
"`While the jury may find undue influence as a fact from the fact that a beneficiary in confidential relations with testator drew the will, the court must not charge the jury as a matter of law so to find.'" See, also, cases cited and commented upon under this section of Page; and Hutson v. Hartley, 72 Ohio St. 262,74 N.E. 197, relating to a lost or spoliated will.
There are cases outside Ohio definitely sustaining the position that under some circumstances an inference arises as to undue influence.
In 68 Corpus Juris, 758, Section 450, it is stated in general that mere interest or opportunity to exercise undue influence affords no presumption or inference that such influence was exercised unless combined with circumstances tending to show its exercise in relation to the will. Section 451 of the same volume points out the fact that in a few jurisdictions the existence of a confidential relation creates a presumption of undue influence, but states that the rule obtaining in the majority of jurisdictions is that a presumption of undue influence is not raised by the mere fact that a beneficiary occupies a confidential or fiduciary relation such as attorney, physician, guardian, etc.
In 28 Ruling Case Law, 145 et seq., Section 99, we find the following to have been stated in substance: The rule that the participation of a beneficiary in the making of a will will arouse the vigilance of the court is applicable where such beneficiary has much to do with its preparation as well as where he is the actual draftsman. A fact of great importance in wills drawn by beneficiaries may be found in any mental weakness or illness on the part of the testator; when the person *Page 204 who drafts a will or participates in procuring its provision also occupies a relation of special confidence and would not be a beneficiary in the absence of the will and is specially benefited by its terms, the general rule is that a presumption of undue influence will arise and the burden of proof will be on him to show that the will was executed freely and without his influence.
As a rule, one named as a beneficiary is not disqualified from serving as draftsman and the will is not invalidated per se by the fact that it was written by a favored legatee.
28 Ruling Case Law, 146, Section 100, is to the effect that it is the generally accepted view that confidential relations do not raise a presumption that the beneficiary has exercised undue influence and do not cast upon the beneficiary the burden of disproving the same. It is then stated that "those consequences follow only when the beneficiary has been actively concerned in some way with the preparation or execution of the will."
Snyder v. Steele, 287 Ill. 159, 122 N.E. 520, holds that, standing alone, the fact that the testatrix's attorney, who managed her property and stood in a confidential relation to her, prepared the will or procured its preparation and profited by it, sustains the charge that the will was procured by undue influence.
It will be perceived in view of the authorities last cited that the question presented by the record is not without difficulty. Had the contestants made a request of the court for an instruction to the effect that the jury should consider the confidential relations of the attorney in this case and the fact that he drew the will, and to give to such evidence such weight as in its judgment it was entitled to as affecting the claim of undue influence, there could have been no criticism. But counsel sought to go further and requested the court to charge that a given set of circumstances gave rise to a presumption (whether of law or of fact) that the *Page 205 testator was under undue influence, and that such circumstances cast a burden upon the contestee to meet or overcome such presumption. We do not think that under Ohio law, giving consideration to the meaning of the word "presumption" and also to the effect of the order of probate, to which no reference is made in any of the three instructions asked, the fact that a beneficiary, stranger to the blood, may have drawn the will, shifts the burden that should be borne by the contestants to show undue influence and to overcome the effect of the order of probate. Hutson v. Hartley, supra.
We think that each of the charges is too narrow and restricted.
The fact that the beneficiary wrote the will might well be considered by the jury, but must be considered in connection with all the other evidence that is before the jury including the order of probate. There can be no presumption of undue influence by the mere fact that the beneficiary wrote the will. There is much evidence to the effect not only that the testatrix was mentally capable of writing the will, but that she was not subject to undue influence.
A charge to the effect that there is a presumption of undue influence by reason of the fact that a beneficiary drew the will, withdraws from the consideration by the jury of the other evidence offered to the effect that she was not subject to undue influence.
If the rejected charges had been given, the attention of the jury would have been fixed upon the single declaration that there was a presumption of undue influence by virtue of the act of the beneficiary in drafting the will, without instructing the jury that at the same time it must take into consideration all the other evidence that was offered upon the point in question, including the order of probate.
None of the three charges rejected makes any mention of the very important point that the probate of the *Page 206 will furnishes a presumption as to its validity, and that that must be considered in connection with any evidence offered as to its invalidity.
It seems to us that if such a charge be given it would introduce an element of uncertainty into a will contest that would lead to serious consequences. The burden of proof does not shift, but remains where it is fixed by statute. The court in its general charge instructed the jury that it should give consideration to the interest the witnesses might have in the outcome of the case in order to determine the weight to be given to their testimony. That, in our judgment, is sufficient, with a reservation, however, that special instructions might be proper to call the attention of the jury to the particular circumstances in any case. We therefore find that the court committed no error in refusing these proffered charges.
An assignment of error is also directed to the giving by the court of charge No. 4 requested by the defendant, which is:
"The test of undue influence is its effect upon the testator's free agency. Undue influence is not the influence of affection and attachment, nor the mere desire to gratify the wishes of another, but the undue influence and restraint required in order to render the will invalid must be of such character and degree as to prevent the exercise of that discretion and judgment which are essential to a sound and disposing mind."
We are unable to detect any error in that charge which has been given many times in will cases.
The concurring members of this court are much impressed with the dissenting opinion of Judge Barnes and fully recognize its logic. All members of the court would be pleased if the Supreme Court would find it expedient to review this case and finally determine the matter which has been the source of uncertainty and of which we are still in some doubt. *Page 207
The judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
HORNBECK, P.J., concurs.
BARNES, J., dissents.