United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
REVISED JANUARY 4, 2005
December 20, 2004
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 03-21055
Summary Calendar
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
OSCAR HUMBERTO GARCIA-MEJIA,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
Before GARWOOD, JOLLY and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Oscar Humberto Garcia-Mejia (“Garcia-Mejia”) is a citizen of
Mexico. He was deported on July 25, 1997 following his release
from state prison on a conviction for burglary of a habitation. He
was then “found” in the United States by the federal government on
April 13, 2000 while again in prison in Texas for burglary. Upon
his release from prison on July 18, 2002, he was taken into custody
by immigration officials who determined that he had not obtained
permission from the Attorney-General to return to the United
States. A one-count indictment was filed in the district court for
the southern district of Texas charging Garcia-Mejia under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1326(a) and (b)(2) with illegal re-entry by a previously deported
alien subsequent to a conviction for an aggravated felony. He
entered a plea of guilty on October 29, 2002 and was sentenced on
October 21, 2003 to, inter alia, seventy-seven months of
imprisonment and three years of supervised release.
Garcia-Mejia challenges his sentence on two grounds. First,
he argues, as he did below, that the district court abused its
discretion by prohibiting him from possessing “a firearm,
destructive device, or any other dangerous weapon” while on
supervised release because the term “other dangerous weapon” is
both impermissibly vague and overbroad.1 Second, he argues, for
the first time on this appeal, that the “felony” and “aggravated
felony” provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1) and (2) are
unconstitutional in light of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466
(2000).
Garcia-Mejia first challenges the condition of supervised
1
Though the condition in question appears in the guidelines
as a “special condition,” see U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(d)(1), it is
considered akin to a “standard condition” as those are set forth in
U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(b) and (c). See United States v. Torres-Aguilar,
352 F.3d 934, 937 (5th Cir. 2003). This court reviews the
imposition of conditions of supervised release for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Paul, 274 F.3d 155, 165 (5th Cir.
2001).
2
release prohibiting him from possessing dangerous weapons by
arguing that it is overly broad.2 The crux of his argument is that
the term “dangerous weapon,” as it is defined in the guidelines,
plausibly includes everyday items like eating utensils and
construction tools.3 The condition of supervised release, in other
words, seemingly applies to things that, though potentially
dangerous in some sense, are, by virtue of their ubiquity and
ordinariness, an almost unavoidable part of everyday life. Garcia-
Mejia’s claim that the condition of supervised release is overly
broad is in effect a claim that the condition fails to satisfy the
statutory requirement, codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)(2) and
U.S.S.G. § 5D1.3(b), that every condition of supervised release
involves “no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably
necessary in light of the need to protect the public and prevent
2
Garcia-Mejia, whose sentence is for a felony conviction and
who has a prior felony conviction for a crime of violence, United
States v. Rayo-Valdez, 302 F.3d 314, 317 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,
537 U.S. 1095 (2002), and an otherwise extensive criminal history,
does not challenge the district court’s conclusion that he is
properly subject to a condition of supervised release under U.S.S.G.
§ 5B1.3(d)(1) prohibiting him from possessing dangerous weapons.
Instead, he simply objects that this prohibition is overly broad
and vague.
3
The guidelines provide that: “‘Dangerous weapon’ means (i)
an instrument capable of inflicting death or serious bodily injury;
or (ii) an object that is not an instrument capable of inflicting
death or serious bodily injury but (I) closely resembles such an
instrument; or (II) the defendant uses the object in a manner that
created the impression that the object was such an instrument (e.g.
a defendant wrapped a hand in a towel during a bank robbery to
create the appearance of a gun).” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1, comment,
n.1(D).
3
recidivism.” Paul, 274 F.3d at 165 n. 12.
Garcia-Mejia also objects to the condition of supervised
release on the ground of vagueness. He contends that he cannot
reasonably ascertain what sort of conduct is proscribed by the
prohibition on the possession of a “dangerous weapon.” See id. at
166 (stating that offenders subject to conditions of supervised
release are entitled to “fair notice” of what is prohibited).
We addressed similar arguments in United States v. Paul. In
Paul, the district court imposed a series of broad prohibitions as
conditions of supervised release on a defendant convicted of child
pornography crimes. Id. at 164-172. Paul, for example, was to
avoid “places, establishments and areas frequented by minors.” Id.
at 165. Paul contended that this condition was too broad because
it encompassed inevitable encounters with children in places like
grocery stores. He further argued that it was vague because he
could not determine what it meant for a place to be “frequented by
minors.” He similarly complained of the requirement that he avoid
“direct and indirect contact with minors.” Id.
We concluded that the district court did not abuse its
discretion. We reasoned that the condition in question should be
construed to exclude “chance or incidental encounters.” Id. at
166. In reaching this conclusion, we implicitly drew a distinction
between unavoidable situations that arise as a regular part of
daily life and avoidable situations that arise as a result of
4
conduct undertaken with a purpose of achieving a result which the
supervised release conditions plainly intend to preclude. We also
stated, with respect to Paul’s contention that the condition in
question was too vague, that conditions of supervised release are
to be interpreted in light of common sense. Id. at 166-167
(“‘[C]onditions of probation do not have to be cast in letters six
feet high, or [] describe every possible permutation, or [] spell
out every last, self-evident detail.’”) (quoting United States v.
Gallo, 20 F.3d 7, 12 (1st Cir. 1993)). Using common sense as his
guide, Paul should have been able to distinguish between the sorts
of places that are “frequented by minors” that he cannot reasonably
avoid, such as grocery stores, and the sorts of places that he can,
such as playgrounds and video arcades.
Applying Paul to the instant case, we similarly find no abuse
of discretion in the district court’s decision to prohibit Garcia-
Mejia from possessing “dangerous weapons” as a condition of
supervised release. The lesson of Paul is that Garcia-Mejia will
violate his supervised release only by possessing a “dangerous
weapon” in a context in which, by the dictates of common sense,
that “dangerous weapon” has no legitimate, everyday use. The
district court’s prohibition on the possession of “dangerous
weapons,” for instance, would not prevent Garcia-Mejia from using
the restaurant’s steak-knife to cut the meat he was eating there,
but it would prevent him from carrying a steak-knife in his pocket
5
for protection. In using common sense this way, we strive to
balance Garcia-Mejia’s interest in leading an unencumbered life
with the public’s interest in being protected from people with a
history of violent crime. See also United States v. Santillana,
03-40975, 2004 WL 1950438 (5th Cir. Sept. 3, 2004) at **2-**3.
Turning to his Apprendi challenge, as Garcia-Mejia concedes,
his argument that the “felony” and “aggravated felony” provisions
of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(1) and (2) are unconstitutional in light of
Apprendi is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres, 523 U.S. 224 (1998).4
Apprendi did not overrule Almendarez-Torres. See Apprendi, 530
U.S. at 489-90; United States v. Dabeit, 231 F.3d 979, 984 (5th
Cir. 2000). This court must follow Almendarez-Torres “unless and
until the Supreme Court itself determines to overrule it.” Dabeit,
231 F.3d at 984 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Thus, Garcia-Mejia’s argument has no merit. It certainly does not
present plain error.
The district court’s judgment is
AFFIRMED.
4
Garcia-Mejia makes this Apprendi challenge only to preserve
his claim for future review by the United States Supreme Court.
6