Plaintiffs appeal the judgment of the trial court in favor of defendant, Dr. William B. Merryman, in plaintiffs' medical malpractice action. They advance two assignments of error:
"1. The trial court erred to the substantial prejudice of plaintiffs in charging the jury that in determining whether Dr. Merryman was medically negligent, they should consider his `judgment.'
"2. The trial court erred to the substantial prejudice of plaintiffs in permitting the introduction into evidence of defendant's Exhibits C and D consisting of textbook examples of severe late deceleration patterns on a fetal heart monitor reading."
The partial transcript filed herein indicates that each party presented the testimony of an expert witness as to the standard of care which was required of Dr. Merryman in the delivery of Ryan Yeager. The expert, on behalf of defendant, testified that the printouts of the fetal heart monitor, produced prior to birth, indicated only slight distress on the part of the unborn child, insufficient to cause the asphyxia with brain damage which was suffered by Ryan, and that the damage most likely had occurred prior to the mother's admission and connection to the heart monitor. In order to demonstrate severe distress of the type which would cause injury, defendant offered two exhibits of monitor printouts reproduced from textbooks on the subject. The exhibits were admitted over objection. The jury returned a verdict in favor of defendant, and plaintiffs appeal.
Plaintiffs' first assignment of error focuses on the trial court's use of the word "judgment" in its charge to the jury, and argues that this improperly caused the jury to consider Dr. Merryman's subjective judgment in light of the circumstances presented, rather than an objective reasonable specialist standard. The charge on this issue reads, in part:
"This action is brought by the plaintiffs to recover damages for physical injuries claimed to have been caused by the negligence of the defendant. The plaintiffs must prove to you by the *Page 55 greater weight of the evidence that the defendant was negligent, that the defendant's negligence proximately caused plaintiffs' injuries.
"The fact that the doctor's services did not fulfill expectations does not by itself, without more, prove that the doctor was negligent.
"A specialist is a physician who holds himself out as specially trained, skilled and qualified in a particular branch of medicine. The standard of care for a physician in the practice of a specialty is that of a reasonable specialist practicing medicine in that same specialty, regardless of where he practices. A specialist in any one branch has the same standard of care as all other specialists in that branch.
"If you find by the greater weight of the evidence that the defendant failed to use that standard of care, then you may find that he was negligent.
"Although some other physician in the specialty might have used a method of procedure different from that used by the defendant, this circumstance will not by itself, without more, prove that the defendant was negligent. The mere fact that the defendant used an alternative method of procedure is not by itself, without more, proof of his negligence. You are to decide whether the procedure used by the defendant was reasonably prudent and in accordance with the standard of care required of a specialist in his field of practice. The customary or routine method of procedure may be considered by you along with all the other facts and circumstances in evidence. Although a particular method may be customary, usual or routine, this circumstance will not of itself, without more, prove that method to be prudent. You are to decide whether the method of procedure used by the defendant was reasonably prudent and in accordance with the standard of care required of a specialist in his field of practice.
"In determining whether Dr. Merryman was medically negligent in his selection of the method of treatment or the manner and method by which he practiced his medical specialty in the care and treatment being rendered to Ryan Yeager prior to his birth, you should consider Dr. Merryman's judgment in the light of all the attendant circumstances at the time he acted. You should not judge a physician by after-acquired knowledge or the results of his treatment. The test is one of foreseeability or foresight. Considering all the facts and with the state of knowledge of the profession at the time he acted, as established by the evidence, the proper test is whether the treatment or method of treatment employed was in conformity with the accepted standards of skill and care at that time."
The proper standard of care by which defendant's conduct is to be measured is an objective standard, as stated in the first paragraph of the syllabus in Bruni v. Tatsumi (1976), 46 Ohio St. 2d 127 [75 O.O.2d 184]:
"In order to establish medical malpractice, it must be shown by a preponderance of evidence that the injury complained of was caused by the doing of some particular thing or things that a physician or surgeon of ordinary skill, care and diligence would not have done under like or similar conditions or circumstances, or by the failure or omission to do some particular thing or things that such a physician or surgeon would have done under like or similar conditions and circumstances, and that the injury complained of was the direct and proximate result of such doing or failing to do some one or more of such particular things."
When viewed alone, the portion of the trial court's charge to the jury excerpted by plaintiffs suggests a subjective standard of care. However, a charge to the jury must be viewed in its totality, and if the law is clearly and fairly expressed, no reversal will be predicated upon error in a portion of the charge. Wagenheim v. Alexander Grant *Page 56 Co. (1983), 19 Ohio App. 3d 7, paragraph thirteen of the syllabus; Schade v. Carnegie Body Co. (1982), 70 Ohio St. 2d 207,210 [24 O.O.3d 316]. When so considered, the charge on the appropriate standard of care is in accordance with the law as announced in Bruni, supra, and the use of the word "judgment" does not constitute prejudicial error.
Therefore, the first assignment of error is not well-taken and is overruled.
Plaintiffs' second assignment of error challenges the admission into evidence of two textbook examples of severe late decelerations which examples had been used during the testimony of defendant's expert witness. The witness analyzed the heart monitor tracings which were represented in the textbook examples, and testified to the reasonable standard of care of a physician in defendant's field if presented with these tracings. This testimony was admitted without objection. The textbook examples were then submitted to the jury, over objection, apparently as examples of the type of heart distress which would require intervention under the proper standard of care.
Subsequently, the witness analyzed heart monitor tracings of Ryan taken prior to delivery, and noted that they showed slight, if any, late deceleration in the child's heart rate. The witness then testified to the reasonable standard of care corresponding to the tracings presented by Ryan and noted that the conditions reflected in the tracings did not require intervention to prevent harm to the child.
The admission of exhibits into evidence is within the broad discretion of the trial court. Absent the demonstration of an abuse of that discretion, the admission of such exhibits is not reversible error. See, e.g., Avon Lake v. Anderson (1983),10 Ohio App. 3d 297, 299.
The witness testified concerning the exhibits without objection by plaintiffs. The exhibits were then admissible, within the discretion of the trial court, as demonstrative of the witness' testimony. Moreover, it is not necessary that the textbooks be proven authoritative on the subject, for the witness merely used the text examples in support of his testimony as to the applicable standard of care, and not as independent proof of that standard of care. Further, it was not significant that the textbook examples showed severe late deceleration when there was no testimony that Ryan suffered such severe deceleration, for the examples were merely illustrative of what a reasonable, prudent physician would look for in determining the need for prompt intervention.
In sum, Exhibits C and D were probative to support the opinion of defendant's expert that fetal distress did not exist. The ultimate issue, of course, was for the jury's determination which the trial court recognized when it noted its rationale for admitting the exhibits:
"THE COURT: There has been testimony concerning these exhibits and they will help the jury understand the testimony, and over your objection, the Defendant, I mean the Plaintiff[s]."
Thus, there was no abuse of the trial court's discretion by permitting the introduction into evidence of defendant's Exhibits C and D.
Therefore, the second assignment of error is not well-taken and is overruled.
For the foregoing reasons, the assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
STRAUSBAUGH, J., concurs.
NORRIS, J., dissents.