S. Chester Crobaugh, D.D. Kimmel, William A. Casler and another were indicted, and the three mentioned were convicted, in the court of common pleas of Cuyahoga county, of violating Section 13175 of the General Code. The indictment charged that the defendants "from on or about the first day of May, 1923, and at divers other times between the said first day of May, 1923, and the ninth day of January, 1928," made and published orally and in print certain false statements, to wit:
"That the said The Union Mortgage Company was then and there the owner of and had in its possession collateral trust gold bonds secured by first mortgage collateral held in trust by trust companies in the City of Cleveland to secure said bonds offered for sale on the partial payment plan;
"Whereas in truth and in fact the said The Union Mortgage Company was not then and there the owner of and had not then and there in its possession collateral trust gold bonds secured by first mortgage collateral held in trust by trust companies of the City of Cleveland to secure said bonds sold on the partial payment plan, which said statements as to ownership of said bonds or as to security for the said bonds were false and wilfully exaggerated and intended to deceive purchasers of the said collateral trust bonds on the partial payment plan both as to the real value of the said bonds and as to the property or part of the property of the said The Union Mortgage Company."
No motion to quash was filed to this indictment, nor was there any demurrer filed. A plea of not guilty was entered, and the parties proceeded to trial without any demand on the part of the defendants for a *Page 412 bill of particulars. A verdict of guilty was returned against the defendants named, who thereupon filed motions in arrest of judgment. These motions, as well as motions for new trial, were overruled and judgment was entered. From this judgment error is prosecuted.
One of the last questions raised by the record, but one of the first questions in the orderly consideration of the case, relates to the sufficiency of the indictment. The indictment was returned under favor of Section 13175, General Code. It seems to us sound, as argued by the plaintiffs in error, that the indictment does not charge the defendants with making a false statement with an intention to deceive any one with relation to the property of the corporation or with relation to the value of the corporation's property. But it does appear to us that the indictment charges an offense when it charges that the defendants made a statement relating to the business methods of the mortgage company. The section referred to may be reduced to the following terms: "whoever knowingly * * * publishes * * * a * * * statement * * * of or concerning the affairs * * * of a corporation * * * containing a statement which is false or wilfully exaggerated and intended to deceive any person as to the real value of any * * * bonds * * * of said corporation * * * shall be fined," etc.
The false statement charged against the defendants was that the company's "affairs" were such that the bonds that it was proposing to sell on the partial payment plan were then existent and were then secured by collateral. The term "affairs" covers the business and business methods of the corporation, and the statement attributed to the defendants thus undertook to describe a method by which the company's business was handled, which, if true, would have given to the bonds it proposed to sell a greater value than they actually had, because of the claim that they were secured by collateral when as a matter of fact they were *Page 413 wholly unsecured. That the bonds were not in existence at this time does not avoid the fact that purchasers may have been deceived into paying their money on the purchase of what they thought to be a secured bond. Upon the theory, therefore, that the alleged false statement in the indictment related to the company's methods of doing business, and therefore to the company's "affairs," we conclude that the indictment was sufficient.
A second question argued with much vigor is that the defendants were entitled to a directed verdict because of a failure of proof of some of the essentials of the case. Assuming the indictment to be good, as we view it there is but one phase of the case that would have justified the court in entering judgment for the defendants. It is a serious question whether the evidence in the case showed that the defendants or others "did sell to the general public first mortgage collateral trust gold bonds on the partial payment plan." It is true that the corporation took subscriptions and received money in partial payment for bonds to be thereafter delivered to the subscribers, subject to certain defined conditions. The purchase of securities by the partial payment plan clearly comes within the provisions of the Bond Investment Law, Sections 697 to 709 and Section 13151, General Code, and that the defendants violated the last-named section cannot be doubted. As the question has not been pressed in this proceeding, however, and as some of the representations of the salesmen operating under these defendants seem to treat the transaction as a bond sale, we with some hesitation hold that these partial payments were installments on a bond sale, and that the alleged false statement ran to the value of a bond thus being sold, notwithstanding there was no bond to be sold. With this question so resolved in favor of the state, the trial court did not err in refusing to direct a verdict for the defendants. *Page 414
We further conclude that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence. The multifarious charges upon which the defendants were tried make it impossible to reach any satisfactory conclusion upon the weight of the evidence. The indictment covers any statement made by the defendants, or any of them, in person or by agent, in writing or orally, over a period of more than four years, and there is nothing in the record to indicate on what statement the defendants were found guilty, or whom they sought to deceive, or when. The record tends to show, if any, not one but scores of offenses by some one or more of the defendants, so that it is possible that one juror may have found the accused guilty of publishing statement A, with eleven jurors dissenting; a second may have found the accused guilty of making statement B, with eleven jurors dissenting, and thus in the end the general verdict of guilty may not have expressed the unanimous mind of the jury upon any particular statement. Under the familiar rules that limit us in considering the weight of the evidence, we are unable to say that all the literature, plus the authorized statements of some salesman, could not be found to be false as to the company's affairs, and may not have been made with intent to deceive some one.
Complaint is made that the court erred to the prejudice of the plaintiffs in error both in the admission and rejection of testimony. We rather think that there is some error of this kind. It would be strange in a record of two thousand pages if such error did not intervene. We are of the view that such irregularities of this sort as occurred are not of such a character as would justify reversing the judgment.
1. When Mr. Crobaugh became identified with the Union Mortgage Company in 1923 the company was making contracts with its subscribers on blank forms which contained what has been known in this case as the "will retain possession" clause. The language of *Page 415 this clause was as follows: "The Union Mortgage Company will retain possession of said bonds and will deliver same to the purchaser when payments under this agreement have been completed."
Inasmuch as the subscriber was making partial payments on a bond that had no existence until issued, and which could not be issued until paid for, this clause was deceptive to those not given to the analysis of such documents. The "will retain possession" expression implied that the actually nonexistent bonds were somehow then in the possession of the company, and, coupled with other literature, doubtless enabled salesmen to delude subscribers into the belief that a bond had been allocated to the subscriber and had been secured by collateral deposit. It is to be said to the credit of Mr. Crobaugh that he disapproved this form of contract and caused another to be prepared, in which the misleading phrase was omitted and other language used that expressly disclosed that the contemplated bond had not been issued. The old form of subscription contract, however, was sometimes used by salesmen after the new form had been approved by the directors of the company, and as there is no question that all of the defendants knew of the equivocal nature of the "will retain possession" form of contract the state asserted a right to a conviction solely predicated upon the use of this document. The effect of the use of this form of contract became so large a question in the case that the defendants sought by special charge B to have the jury instructed that the use of this particular document "of and by itself " was not sufficient proof that the defendants made the statement pleaded in the first count of the indictment. The court refused to give this instruction or any equivalent therefor. The result was that this case went to the jury under the view that proof of the use of this form of contract was sufficient proof that the defendants made a false statement with regard to the *Page 416 value of the bonds being sold. This was manifest error. The "will retain possession" expression is nowhere near the false statement pleaded in the first count of the indictment. Failure to give this instruction was such error as requires a reversal of the judgment.
2. As above indicated, the "will retain possession" clause was in use by the company before Mr. Crobaugh became connected with it, at which time the officers and agents of the company were employing other literature of an equivocal character and sales were being made by the representations of salesmen tending in some degree to show that the partial payments were secured by collateral. The state claimed that the united efforts of the various representatives of the company to this end amounted to a conspiracy, and that when Crobaugh became an officer of the company he became one of the conspirators. On this phase of the case the court charged: "The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that such a conspiracy existed prior to the time when Crobaugh joined said company. If it has so established such conspiracy, and you find that Crobaugh after becoming such officer of such corporation aided and abetted the same and assisted in carrying it out, then in law the declarations of all those who originated the conspiracy and carried it on before he became an officer of the company are applicable to him as well as to the originators thereof."
It is beyond question that Mr. Crobaugh was an active officer of the company, and actively promoted its business, and assisted in securing new business and new subscribers for the corporate securities. The error in the charge is apparent. Mr. Crobaugh did not become a part of the conspiracy, if such there was, by reason of any innocent acts that he did. He could only have become a conspirator by knowing that there was a conspiracy and by doing something which he *Page 417 knew would promote the wrongful purpose for which the conspiracy had been organized. The quoted charge was erroneous in not making this necessary qualification.
3. Another impressive assignment of error relates to the court's charge upon intent. Upon this subject, which was a vital phase of the case, the court charged at length in both the special instructions and in the general charge to the jury. Most of what was said to the jury in both the special and general instructions was beyond criticism. It was vital, however, to the defense that all that was said to the jury in this behalf be in harmony with the law. The equivocal nature of the literature issued by the mortgage company, and the forthright misrepresentations imputed to the salesmen, made a strong case of negligence against all of the defendants, from which they were not relieved even by their own testimony. It was of extreme importance, therefore, that they should not be judged by the jury solely upon the representations made, but by the innocent or evil intentions that inspired these statements. In some cases the law raises a presumption of an evil intent from the evil consequences that flow from a wrongful act. The trial court applied that rule to the instant case, and said: "Therefore the law has established the following rule with relation to intent, namely: All persons are presumed to have intended the natural and probable consequences of their voluntary acts. If the natural and probable consequences of the acts proved by the state to have been done by the defendants were to deceive and mislead then they are presumed in law to have intended those consequences."
This instruction was erroneous, in that it advised the jury that a legal presumption arose that the defendants were moved by an intent to deceive if in fact the result was that some one was deceived. Hibbard v. United States (C.C.A.), 172 F., 66, 18 Ann. Cas., *Page 418 1040; Searles v. State, 6 C.C., 331, 3 C.D., 478. This error was aggravated and intensified later in the general charge. There the court, after properly saying that the state must satisfy the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that the intent was to deceive, erroneously added this sentence: "All the state has to prove are acts, the natural and probable consequences of which are to deceive."
The vice of this instruction was, first, that it invaded the province of the jury by telling the jury what quantum of evidence was conclusive proof of guilt, and the second vice was that thequantum so fixed was erroneous, for the reason that the consequences of the false statement made, if any, may have resulted in just as unhappy consequences, though innocently made, as if made with the full purpose of deceiving.
The instructions in the particulars referred to were both erroneous and prejudicial. The importance of this phase of the case is emphasized by the fact that, after retiring, the jury asked the judge to advise them what was said by him with relation to intent. The record shows that the jury had the special instructions relating to intent, which dealt with the question in an unexceptional manner, but from their inquiry they indicated their confusion over what the judge had said in the general charge, which the jury did not have with it and which differed from the special charges substantially only in the respects discussed herein.
4. It is further claimed that the then prosecuting attorney was guilty of misconduct in his argument to the jury. With this contention we fully agree. All the criticisms in that respect are well directed. We shall, however, refer to but one instance. The prosecuting attorney in his argument to the jury urging conviction told the jury that, if it found a verdict of guilty, and the trial judge did not agree therewith, a new trial might be granted the defendants, and, in substance, *Page 419 that, if reviewing courts did not agree with the verdict, the same might be set aside and the defendants restored to their rights. This appears from an extended colloquy participated in by the prosecuting attorney, one of the attorneys for the defense, and the trial judge. From this colloquy it appears that counsel for the defendants were attempting to object to the whole line of argument, that the court at first doubted whether the argument of the prosecuting attorney was proper, because he said that the prosecuting attorney was arguing the law. It further appears that the argument was continued over the objection and subject to the exceptions of the defendants. The argument was improper, not merely because it related to the law, but because it was a misstatement of the law. It was an invitation to the jury to shed some of its responsibility and console itself for any mistake it might make in returning a verdict of guilty by the thought that the trial court, or a reviewing court which did not agree with the jury, was at perfect liberty to substitute another judgment for the jury's judgment. This, of course, is not the law, and was an invitation to the jury to perform its duties with a lesser sense of responsibility than it would have done had it realized that its finding upon the facts could only be disturbed when either the trial judge or some reviewing court found the verdict to be manifestly wrong. It was prejudicial error for the court to permit this argument and loan it approval.
5. The case was submitted to the jury on December 2. On the afternoon of December 3 the jury had made the special request to the judge for information as to the general charge on intent. On the afternoon of December 4 the jury was brought into court on the motion of the court and asked of the probability of its agreeing. Thereupon the foreman asked that the court's charge upon intent be again read to them. This was done. Thereupon the foreman inquired of *Page 420 the court as follows: "Is it necessary to bring back verdicts on all three defendants?"
The court answered: "Yes, you may return now."
An extended colloquy followed, but in answer to the jury's request the court never instructed it except to the effect that there was nothing compulsory about its returning a verdict. Defendants' counsel insisted upon the jury being advised that it might return a verdict as to one or more of the defendants without reaching an agreement as to all the defendants. This the trial court refused. He gave as his reason that he had already advised the jury along this line in the general charge. This was a mistake. He had not done so. It is clear enough that the jury wanted to know if it could report a disagreement as to one or more of the defendants. The trial court never clarified his instruction, and left the jury with the direction that it could not so report. This was erroneous and prejudicial.
For the reasons indicated, the judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for new trial.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
FARR and MIDDLETON, JJ., concur.
FARR, J., of the Seventh Appellate District, and MIDDLETON and MAUCK, JJ., of the Fourth Appellate District, sitting by designation in the Eighth Appellate District. *Page 421