By this proceeding in error William Richardson would procure a reversal of a judgment of conviction of perjury. It is his claim that the state failed to make proof thereof in the manner provided by Section 13444-22, General Code.
The substance of the charge against him is that he testified falsely before the grand jury concerning the identity of one Charles Colletti.
From the evidence we learn that on the 26th day of January, 1931, the accused was attacked by three or four men and a number of shots were fired at him. Shortly thereafter police officers appeared on the scene and conveyed the accused to the police station, and he there made certain statements to two officers who are witnesses in this case to the effect that he recognized one of his assailants. And at the same time he made a statement to that effect in writing, which, however, was not sworn to.
The plaintiff in error complains of some four or five errors, all of which however go to the quantum of proof made of the offense charged, and all errors therefore may be considered and disposed of in examining this record for the truth or falsity of his present claim. In the trial of this cause the police officers testified to the oral statements made to them by the accused, and also of the additional fact that he picked *Page 48 out the picture of his one assailant whom he thought he had identified. The state, to further prove its case, introduced in evidence the written statement made to the police officers immediately after the assault had been made upon the plaintiff in error, and it is urged by the prosecutor that this proof is sufficient to sustain a conviction of perjury. With this view of the law, we are unable to agree.
It is provided in Section 13444-22 that "perjury must be proved by the testimony of two witnesses, or of one witness and corroborating circumstances."
Our Supreme Court in considering the question of the quantum and character of proof necessary to be made on a charge of perjury had this to say in the case of State v. Courtright,66 Ohio St. 35, 63 N.E. 590: "There should be at least one witness to the corpus delicti, or the falsity of the matter assigned as perjury."
And searching the record in this case with this rule in mind we are unable to find any testimony which would establish the falsity of the testimony given before the grand jury. Hence, it must follow that there was no proof of the corpus delicti. We recognize, of course, that there was proof of corroborating circumstances such as the identification of the assailant whom the plaintiff in error then thought he recognized. However, any such corroborating circumstances are not sufficient to dispense with the proof requisite to establish the body of the crime charged.
The state makes the contention that there is an exception to the general rule on proof of the crime of perjury, and that this case is such a one. It bases such conclusion upon the theory that two witnesses testified as to oral declarations of identity and recognition of an assailant, and the fact that an unsworn statement in writing was made by the accused at the time. In other words, the state would now say that two witnesses so testifying, and being corroborated *Page 49 by the declarations of the accused in writing, these facts are sufficient proof of the crime. We are not enamored of this reasoning.
Turning to 21 Ruling Case Law, at page 271, it is there said: "A conviction for perjury cannot be sustained merely on the contradictory sworn statements of the defendant, but the State must prove which of the two statements is false and must show that statement to be false by other evidence than the contradictory statement." We find that this rule is likewise clearly stated in Wharton's Criminal Law (12th Ed.), volume 2, *page 1837.
The case of People v. McClintic, 193 Mich. 589, 160 N.W. 461, L.R.A., 1917C, 52, is a sample of the authorities upon which these text statements are founded. Examination thereof may be found profitable.
There is, however, a further point of difference to be noted in this case from the situation set forth in the excerpt taken from 21 Ruling Case Law, supra. In the situation now before us, the statement offered in evidence was not sworn to.
We find two cases similar to the case at bar in that respect to which we invite attention, the first being the case of Clayton v.United States (C.C.A.), 284 F., 537, from which we quote: "Where the only evidence of falsity of accused's testimony before the grand jury was the testimony of two witnesses as to what he told them in private conversation before the grand jury met, this was insufficient, for the falsity of a sworn statement is not shown by proof of an unsworn contradictory statement, as credit must be given to what accused said under oath rather than what he may have said to the contrary when not under oath."
It is a presumption, rebuttable of course, that one will tell the truth when under oath, and until this presumption is dispelled it must be considered that one *Page 50 did tell the truth under oath, and the state not having proved the falsity of his statement under oath the presumption must prevail that he did tell the truth.
A like conclusion is reached in the case of Shoemaker v. State,29 Okl. Cr., 184, 233 P. 489. That court said: "Where perjury is based on contradictory statements, under oath, the falsity of one of such statements as a basis for perjury cannot be proven by the unsworn statements of the accused."
It appearing to this court that there was no evidence as to the truth or falsity of the statements made under oath to the grand jury the presumption must be that the accused there spoke the truth, and we find that the situation developed by the evidence in this case is not such as is recognized by any court as an exception to the general rule hereinbefore stated, and the judgment is therefore reversed.
Judgment reversed.
LEMERT and GARVER, JJ., concur.
Judges of the Fifth Appellate District sitting by designation in the Eighth Appellate District. *Page 51