This appeal is noted as on questions of law and fact but as it is predicated on a money judgment, manifestly it cannot be such an appeal and counsel have at all times presented it as an appeal on questions of law. The court will so consider it.
At the outset, we are confronted with a motion of the defendant, appellee herein, to dismiss the appeal for the reason that no motion for new trial was filed within the period prescribed by law.
If it be granted that the motion for new trial was not filed within time, the appeal would not be dismissed *Page 26 but we would be precluded from considering any assignment of error involving the weight of the evidence.
Two sections of the Code are to be considered in determining the time within which the motion for new trial was required to be filed, Section 11578, before the recent amendment, and Section 11578, as amended effective October 11, 1945.
This action was instituted on April 6, 1945, trial was had on December 14, 1945, and the trial judge on that date orally stated what his finding would be. Under Section 11578, before amendment, the motion for new trial was required to be filed within three days after the "verdict or decision is rendered." Under the amended section, "the application for a new trial must be made within ten days after the journal entry of a final order, judgment or decree has been approved by the court in writing and filed with the clerk for journalization." Section 26, General Code, controls determination whether original or amended Section 11578 applies. The provisions of the amended section clearly relate to the remedy, but there is no expression in the language of the section to indicate that it shall affect pending actions, therefore, it may not be given application to this action and the original section controls.
The motion for new trial, having been filed more than three days after the so-called verdict, would be too late if it was in fact directed to a verdict. But, as we have stated, such delay would not require or permit a dismissal of the appeal in its entirety.
The motion will be overruled.
The term of the trial judge who heard the case in the first instance expired on January 1, 1946. Plaintiff, appellant herein, filed two motions, one on December 15, 1945, and the other, to which we have alluded, the motion for new trial, on January 4, 1946. *Page 27
The action was for money claimed to be due plaintiff for parts furnished and labor performed in the repair of a motorcycle of the defendant. Based upon an account, the amount claimed was $70.41, with interest. The itemization of the account showed charges made under date of February 2, 1943, totalling $80.41, upon which there was a credit of $75, leaving a balance due at the date of payment, April 16, 1943, of $5.41. Other charges were made, of date April 6, 1945, in the sum of $65. These charges were for the exchange price of one clutch, one crank shaft, labor and sales tax. The answer denied any indebtedness whatever except $5.41 and pleaded a tender of that amount. The answer averred that the items set up in the account under date of April 6, 1945, were included in the original account of $80.41. The reply generally denied the new matter set up in the answer and admitted the tender and refusal of draft for $5.41.
The motion of December 15, 1945, was for separate findings of law and fact, and specifically for answers to five interrogatories set out. Upon the receipt of this motion, the trial judge assigned it for hearing on the 5th of January 1946. Judge DeWeese, who succeeded the trial judge, had at the time of the original hearing represented the defendant and was therefore disqualified to sit in the cause.
Upon disclosure of these facts, S.R. Turner was named acting judge. He then considered the motion for new trial and the motion for separate findings of law and fact and for answers to the five interrogatories set forth, and prepared a written opinion with which we have been favored. That opinion shows the result of intensive examination of the difficult questions presented and is well and carefully prepared. In it is considered all the questions which are urged in the assignments of error in this court. *Page 28
We give attention to all of them because we are required to do so, as against the possibility that we may be in error in the one determinative question upon which our decision is predicated.
The decisive proposition, in our judgment, is that no verdict was rendered in this cause, and none having been filed with the clerk there was no basis for any of the proceedings which followed thereafter and for the judgment which was entered.
There being no bill of exceptions which we may consider, there is nothing exemplified in the record which discloses that a verdict in any form was pronounced, and certinly none was ever returned in writing, entered on the trial docket, or filed with the clerk of the Municipal Court.
If we had recourse to the bill of exceptions, it would show only that, at the conclusion of the trial, the court made the following oral statement: "The court finds for the plaintiff and assesses his damages at $5.41 and one-half the costs."
This in our judgment in no particular meets the requirements of the law. Cox v. Cox, 17 Ohio App. 25, affirmed, 108 Ohio St. 473, 141 N.E. 220. The second paragraph of the syllabus in that case is:
"An oral announcement by the trial court, at the close of the testimony in a divorce proceeding, that a decree is granted, is not a judgment and does not dissolve the marital contract where no decree is entered on the minutes of the court."
We consider the other assignments of error. The acting judge made separate findings of law and fact but refused to answer the interrogatories, holding that they were but evidential and did not establish any ultimate fact as to any issue presented. We reach the same conclusion but not for the same reason. In our judgment the answers to the interrogatories would *Page 29 have been, in part at least, material to and determinative of any judgment because they affected the issues between the parties, namely, the installation of the clutch and crank shaft and particularly whether, if they had been installed, they had been paid for, and whether all the charges for labor in the account represented work done by the plaintiff.
The court was correct in refusing to answer the interrogatories, first, because no verdict had been rendered. But it is asserted that the acting judge, successor to the trial judge, had no authority to entertain the motion for new trial or to consider and determine the motion for separate findings of law and fact and answers to the interrogatories.
There is a marked dearth of opinion of the courts of Ohio on this interesting question. At common law there is no power in a succeeding judge to consider and overrule a motion for new trial and it would be granted for that reason. In some of the states we have statutes granting full power to hear and determine a motion for new trial to a succeeding judge. In Ohio our Code is silent on the question. One case in Ohio is cited, Oldham et al.,Admrs., v. Winget, Gdn., 47 Ohio App. 287, 191 N.E. 824. The court there held that there was no error in the successor judge passing on the motion for new trial and relied on the case ofChesapeake Hocking Ry. Co. v. Orr, 27 N.P. (N.S.), 393. In the principal case and the case upon which the court relied, the chief issue was one of law rather than a dispute as to the facts.
However, outside Ohio, the trend of later authority is to the effect that a successor judge may pass on a motion for new trial even though the weight of evidence is involved. 39 American Jurisprudence, 194, Section 196; People, ex rel. Hambel, v.McConnell, 155 Ill. 192, 40 N.E. 608; Camelin v. Smith,53 Colo. 574, *Page 30 128 P. 1125; Noonan v. Spear, 125 Minn. 475, 147 N.W. 654;Southall v. Evans, 114 Va. 461, 76 S.E. 929, 43 L.R.A. (N.S.), 468, Ann. Cas. 1914B, 1229 (which in factual situation is much like the instant case). This is true even in criminal cases.Boyles v. People, 90 Colo. 32, 6 P.2d 7; Clark v. State,29 Okla. Crim., 243, 232 P. 953; State v. Madry, 93 S.C. 412,76 S.E. 977; People v. Mosley, 226 Mich. 295, 197 N.W. 541. See, also, State, ex rel. Cosgrove, v. Perkins, Judge, 139 Mo., 106,40 S.W. 650. Many of the earlier cases which we do not cite hold to the contrary.
That a successor judge should pass on the motion for new trial where the transcript of testimony at the original trial is available is logical in the concept of our practice. Such a judge in passing on the motion in a civil case does not determine whether the verdict is supported by a bare preponderance of the evidence but whether it is manifestly against the weight thereof or there is an entire insufficiency of evidence to support the verdict. This presents an entirely different status than that with which a trial judge is faced in resolving the factual questions in the first instance.
The more serious question in this proceeding is whether the acting judge could pass upon the special interrogatories and make the separate findings of fact. The question is new in Ohio.
Section 11421-2, General Code, provides:
"When questions of fact are tried by the court, its findings may be general for the plaintiff or defendant, unless, with a view of excepting to the court's decision upon questions of law involved in the trial, one of the parties so requests, in which case, the court shall state in writing the conclusions of fact found separately from the conclusions of law."
That section applies to municipal courts. 29 Ohio Jurisprudence, 35, Section 35. This obligation has *Page 31 many times, without exception, been held to be mandatory and includes the obligation to answer all interrogatories involving the ultimate facts of the controversy. Cleveland Produce Co. v.Dennert, 104 Ohio St. 149, 135 N.E. 531; Gale v. Priddy,66 Ohio St. 400, 64 N.E. 437; Globe Indemnity Co. v. Wassman,120 Ohio St. 72, 165 N.E. 579; Mellon, Dir., v. Weber, 115 Ohio St. 91, 152 N.E. 753; Ellis v. Twiggs, 17 C.C. (N.S.), 172, 32 C.D., 96.
The requests must be timely made. Yetter v. Kleinman, 34 Ohio App. 433, 171 N.E. 362; Barnes v. Butler County Lumber Co.,38 Ohio App. 445, 176 N.E. 103. Several appellate courts have held that the request may be made at any time before final judgment.Yetter v. Kleinman, supra; Nimon v. Klein, 43 Ohio App. 314,183 N.E. 189; Parker v. Dales, 13 Ohio Law Abs., 655; Bloom v.Klein, 36 O.L.R., 552. The Supreme Court has not considered or passed on the express question, but in Bittman v. Bittman,129 Ohio St. 123, 194 N.E. 8, it held that a request for special findings in a divorce action, filed after the decision in the case but before judgment, was filed in due time. It follows that the motion for such findings of law and fact and the requests to answer such interrogatories in this case were timely filed.
But for the last-cited case, which is controlling on this court, there are many moving and cogent reasons why such requests should be made prior to the general finding of a trial judge acting in the absence of a jury. This would be in harmony With the express provision of the statute relating to jury trials and would not be in conflict with any provisions of the sections of the Code, controlling trials of law cases by a judge without a jury. Section 11420-17, General Code, providing for special findings of facts by a jury, makes it necessary that the request for such findings be made *Page 32 prior to the rendition of the verdict, and that it must be so done has been held in T. O.C. Ry. Co. v. Beard, Admr., 20 C.C., 681, 11 C.D., 406.
Section 11421-3, General Code, provides:
"So far as in their nature applicable, the provisions of this chapter respecting trials by jury, apply to trials by the court."
If the requirement as to the time when the request for special findings of fact in jury cases must be filed was applied in trials to a judge only, the question of the right of a successor judge to make such determination would never arise because the special findings would be made when, or prior to the time, the general finding would be filed.
But the serious question here is whether the acting judge could answer the special interrogatories and make the special findings of law and particularly of fact.
A judge acting in the trial of a law case without a jury is the trier of the facts (Newland v. State, 29 Ohio App. 135,163 N.E. 56), tests the credibility of witnesses as would a jury and his finding has the same effect and is entitled to the same weight as a verdict. To make a special finding of facts requires the same test as is applied in the first instant in returning a general verdict. In our judgment, it is an entirely different test than is applied upon a determination of the motion for new trial and may not be performed by the successor judge. We have found two cases somewhat analogous in principle and holding as we do, Chiricahua Ranches Co. v. State, 44 Ariz. 559,39 P.2d 640; Mace v. O'Reilley, 70 Cal. 231, 11 P. 721.
Another error assigned is to the effect that the trial judge at the original hearing and the acting judge in passing on the motion for new trial and making *Page 33 separate findings of law and fact grounded their findings upon a development in the evidence which was not properly considered because, if there were a defense, it was an affirmative defense. We may not resort to the bill of exceptions, but if there was a basis for the separate finding of law and fact we could consider that finding on the present assignment of error.
It fairly appears from the separate finding of fact that the refusal to grant the motion for new trial was based upon the evidence that the plaintiff had removed a crank shaft and a clutch from a motorcycle, in the garage of plaintiff, which was owned by a Dayton resident. From this it was concluded that plaintiff had wrongfully appropriated those articles, and that part of his claim was based on his own wrongful act, for which he could not recover.
An examination of the pleadings is convincing that there is no affirmative defense pleaded permitting the introduction of the testimony upon which that finding of fact is predicated. If this was a defense, it constituted an estoppel which under the law is affirmative and must be set up to be made available. SpringfieldLoan Co. v. National Guarantee Finance Co., 63 Ohio App. 508,27 N.E.2d 257.
We recognize that if we were testing only a general finding here for the plaintiff we might be required to give application to the legal principle that a court may adjudicate an issue supported by evidence, regardless of pleadings, where there has been no objection to the introduction of evidence. North ElectricMfg. Co. v. Shelley, 32 Ohio App. 379, 168 N.E. 216. However, if our conclusion is correct, this cause will have to be retried and if such affirmative defense is expected to be asserted it should be pleaded. The claim may not, in the absence of an amended answer, *Page 34 be advanced for the purpose of such defense if objection is made to the reception of any testimony offered relating to that purpose.
The final assignment of error is that the judgment is not sustained by sufficient evidence and is contrary to the weight thereof and is contrary to law. As there was no motion for new trial duly filed, we cannot pass upon this question except as it is considered in the assignment respecting estoppel.
We restate the basic ground upon which we predicate the reversal in this cause. It is essential to a judgment in an action at law that there be a verdict, or a finding in lieu of the verdict. No such finding was made in this case. We are cited to the case of In re Estate of Lowry, 140 Ohio St. 223,42 N.E.2d 987, wherein it was held that a decision of the trial judge was the basis for the filing of a motion for new trial, but it should be observed that in the cited case the trial judge rendered a written decision on the issues presented and that the Probate Court is one of which the judge is clerk ex officio.
All other questions here decided are merely ancillary to the principal and determinative question which we have discussed.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for new trial.
Judgment reversed.
WISEMAN and MILLER, JJ., concur. *Page 35