This cause involves the interpretation of the Freeman-Collister Motor Transportation Act, but is not a review of any order of the Public Utilities Commission. The cause originated in the court of common pleas of Summit county, Ohio, at the suit of Hissem, operating a motor transportation company under a certificate of public convenience issued by the Public Utilities Commission, granting him the exclusive right to conduct and operate his business as a motor transportation company over a regular route between fixed termini in Summit county, Ohio, seeking to enjoin Guran and Myers from operating a motor truck over the same route, without first obtaining a certificate of authority from the Public Utilities Commission.
The record discloses that Hissem was engaged in hauling milk to the city of Akron, for certain producers, and that Guran and Myers were also engaged in hauling milk from certain other producers located in the same community to the same market in the city of Akron. The trucks of both parties cover practically the same route; each rendering the same service, though for different employers. Guran and Myers were operating under a contract of employment with a branch of the Summit County Milk Producers Association, whereby they were employed for hire to collect *Page 61 and transport milk and cream of the members of the said association, and no one else, to the White Rock Dairy Company of Akron, and no other person, upon a regular schedule of prices, depending upon the distance and the character of the highways covered. The Summit County Milk Producers Association, the employer of Guran and Myers, is a co-operative marketing association organized in accordance with Ohio laws (109 Or. L., 50). Guran and Myers do not serve the public generally, or any person or firm other than members of the association, in accordance with the contract. They do not hold themselves ready to carry for all persons, indifferently, who may choose to employ them, neither have they ever accepted any public franchise or called the police powers of the state to their aid.
Upon these facts the Court of Common Pleas refused to enjoin, and upon error being prosecuted to the Court of Appeals that court affirmed the judgment. Upon error prosecuted to this court we are asked to construe and apply the provisions of the Freeman-Collister Act (110 Ohio Laws, 211, 223).
Section 614-2, General Code (110 Or. L., 212) provides:
"Any person, or persons, firm or firms, copartnership or voluntary association, joint stock association, company or corporation, wherever organized or incorporated: * * * When engaged in the business of carrying and transporting persons or property or both, in motor propelled vehicles of any kind whatsoever, for hire, over any public street, road or highway in this state *Page 62 except as hereinafter provided in Section 614-84, is a motor transportation company and as such is declared to be a common carrier."
Section 614-84, subdivision c, defines a motor transportation company:
"The term 'motor transportation company,' when used in this chapter, means every corporation or person, their lessees, trustees, receivers or trustees appointed by any court whatsoever, owning, controlling, operating or managing any motor propelled vehicle not usually operated on or over rails, used in the business of transportation of persons or property or both, as a common carrier for compensation, over any public highway in this state."
The term, "motor transportation company," is first used in Section 614-2, and if we insert the definition of the term and write it into that section in the place of the term itself it will be found that the General Assembly has attempted by legislative fiat to constitute the person or company who may do the things therein referred to a common carrier. In this controversy this court is required to determine the limitations upon the power and authority of the General Assembly to declare certain persons and firms to be common carriers, when the business conducted by them is such as not to bring them within the common-law definition of common carriers. By Section 614-2 it is declared that any transportation for hire of persons or property in motor-propelled vehicles over the streets and highways of the state constitutes the operators of the vehicles common carriers. If common carriers, they are of course subject *Page 63 to regulation both as to the rates to be charged and the service to be rendered. They are subject also to taxes and charges, and involved in expenses which do not have to be met by persons and firms not subject to public regulation. If they are common carriers their vehicles and other property are devoted to public use, and they cannot complain of public regulation, with the taxes, charges, expenses, and other inconveniences incident thereto. If their business has not in fact been dedicated to public use and service, any regulation would amount to a taking of private property for public use, and therefore be beyond the power of the state, unless just compensation were first paid in money.
As to what constitutes a common carrier, there can be no real controversy. It has been determined by numerous decisions of this court and the United States Supreme Court, and, for that matter, by the courts in practically every state in the Union.Samms v. Stewart McKibben, 20 Ohio, 70, 55 Am. Dec., 445;United States Express Co. v. Backman, 28 Ohio St. 144; OhioMining Co. v. Public Utilities Commission, 106 Ohio St. 138,140 N.E. 143; Korner v. Cosgrove, 108 Ohio St. 484,141 N.E. 267, 31 A. L. R., 1193; Southern Ohio Power Co. v. Public Utilities Commission, 110 Ohio St. 246,143 N.E. 700.
The declarations of the foregoing cases are in perfect harmony with all other decisions throughout the states of the Union, and of the United States Supreme Court, in declaring that to constitute a common carrier there must be a dedication of property to public use of such character that *Page 64 the product and service are available to the public generally and indiscriminately, and that the carrier must hold himself ready to serve the public indifferently to the limit of his capacity. The authorities are equally uniform in holding that, if a carrier is employed by one or a definite number of persons by a special contract, or for a special undertaking, he is only a private carrier. In the instant case it is true that Guran and Myers are performing services for other persons, for which they are receiving a compensation, and it is also true that they are using the improved highways of the state in and about the performance of that service. Neither of these features is conclusive of the question. The entire service rendered by them is pursuant to a private contract, in which no one else is interested, and no benefit or disadvantage accrues to any other person by reason of the rendition of that service, except that Hissem might possibly enjoy a larger patronage if the injunction against Guran and Myers should become effective. It does not conclusively follow that this would happen, because each of the producers might transport his own individual product to the market in his own vehicle. The use of the highways by Guran and Myers is not conclusive of the question, because it cannot be said that traversing the highways by a single truck, serving a large number of patrons, is more destructive to the highways than the transportation of the same product to the same market by the use of a large number of vehicles of individual owners. There does not therefore, upon principle, appear to be any sound basis for the exercise of public regulation of motor vehicles not dedicated to public use. *Page 65
This question is not a new one, but, on the contrary, has been met by many courts. The Supreme Court of California, inAllen v. Railroad Comm., 179 Cal. 68, 175 P. 466, 8 A. L. R., 249, in a very clear opinion, denies the right of the Legislature to constitute a private carrier a public and common carrier by legislative fiat, as being in contravention of Section 10, Article 1, and of the Fourteenth Amendment, of the federal Constitution. Aside from the logic of the opinion in that case, it becomes a very cogent authority by reason of an application having been made to the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of certiorari, which writ was denied.Railroad Comm. v. Allen, 249 U.S. 601, 39 S.Ct., 259,63 L.Ed., 797. Since the denial of the writ in that case, the Supreme Court of the United States has squarely met this question, and has decided against the authority of a state Legislature to convert a private carrier into a public utility by more legislative fiat. Producers' Transportation Co. v.Railroad Comm. of California, 251 U.S. 228, 230, 231,40 S.Ct., 131, 64 L.Ed., 239; Wolff Packing Co. v. Court ofIndustrial Relations, 262 U.S. 592, 536, 43 S.Ct., 630,67 L.Ed., 1103, 27 A. L. R., 1280; Michigan Public Utilities Comm. v. Duke, d. b. a. Duke Cartage Co., 266 U.S. 570,45 S.Ct., 191, 69 L.Ed., 207, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States January 12, 1925. The Michigan statute construed in that case is quite similar to Section 614-2, General Code, and its pertinent provisions are as follows:
"Any and all persons * * * engaged * * * in the transportation of persons or property for *Page 66 hire by motor vehicle upon or over the public highways of this state * * * shall be common carriers, and, so far as applicable, all laws of this state now in force or hereafter enacted, regulating * * * transportation * * * by other common carriers, including regulation of rates, shall apply with equal force and effect to such common carriers * * * by motor vehicles * * *." Pub. Acts 1923 (Mich.) No. 209, Section 3.
The business of Duke, which the Commission sought to regulate in that case, was that of hauling motor trucks and trailers over the public highways of Michigan from Detroit to Toledo. He had no other business, and did not hold himself out as a carrier for the public. He had three contracts with three manufacturers of automobile bodies in Detroit to transport their product to an automobile manufacturer in Toledo. It was held by the Supreme Court of the United States that the provisions of the act above quoted could not be enforced against him. Duke was further declared to be a private carrier, having no powers of eminent domain, exercising no franchise under the state, and possessing no greater right to use the highways than any other member of the public.
For the foregoing reasons, and upon the foregoing authorities, any interpretation of Section 614-2 which would state agencies any authority to regulate motor-propelled vehicles employed only in private service would constitute a violation of Section 10, Article I, and of the Fourteenth Amendment, of the federal Constitution.
Section 614-2, being a part of a general scheme *Page 67 of legislation to regulate motor-vehicle transportation, and essential to the other provisions of the Freeman-Collister Act, this controversy can be disposed of by an interpretation of that section whereby it will be made to apply only to motor-vehicle transportation which comes within the purview of the common-law definition of common carriers.
This case cannot be disposed of without some reference to the following provisions of Section 614-88, General Code:
"Except as provided in Section 614-84, no corporation or person, their lessees, trustees, receivers or trustees appointed by any court whatsoever, shall operate any automobile, jitney, bus, truck, stage, auto stage, or rent for hire car for the transportation of persons or property or both, for compensation, over any public street, road or highway in this state between fixed termini or over a regular or irregular route, over which any motor transportation company is operating under a certificate of convenience and necessity issued by the commission as provided in this act, until such corporation or person, their lessees, trustees, receivers or trustees appointed by any court whatsoever, shall have secured a certificate of public convenience and necessity or permission from the commission to so operate, and then only in strict accordance with such rules as the commission may prescribe for such operation."
That section performs a very useful function, and is quite necessary to be employed in giving complete protection to motor transportation companies which have been furnished certificates of *Page 68 convenience and necessity against the aggressions of other motor transportation companies which are in fact common carriers, and that section should be employed by the Public Utilities Commission in a proper case. The Commission may not, however, employ the provisions of that section as an instrument of oppression against a private carrier, even though the business operated by the private carrier might prove to be ruinous to a public carrier operating over the same routes and between the same termini, even though he has made full compliance with all the requirements of the act, and even though he may have been subject to all of the charges, taxes, and expenses incident to regulation at the hands of the Public Utilities Commission. The judgment of the Court of Appeals and of the common pleas will therefore be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
JONES, MATTHIAS, DAY, ALLEN, KINKADE and ROBINSON, JJ., concur. *Page 69