The question which we are asked to determine by this proceeding requires a consideration of all the evidence, and defendants object to any consideration thereof, upon the ground that the case-made does not contain an averment by way of recital that it contains all the evidence. That, in order to authorize this court to review any alleged error which requires an examinaton of all the evidence, the case-made must contain an averment by way of a recital to the effect that it contains all the evidence, has been frequently held (Wagner v. SattleyMfg. Co., 23 Okla. 52, 99 P. 643), but the objection of defendants in error to the record in this case is not well founded *Page 134 in fact. There is nothing in the rule which requires the case-made to contain such averment that prescribes any definite language to be used or the place in the case-made at which the same shall appear. Just preceding the evidence in this case-made appears the following statement:
"And thereafter, to wit, on the 9th day of July, 1908, said cause comes on for hearing, and the plaintiff appearing by its attorney of record, Masterson Peyton, Esq., and the defendants appearing by their attorneys, Hutchings, Murphey German, by agreement of parties, a jury is waived and cause submitted to the court sitting as a jury, whereupon the following proceedings were had, and the following evidence was introduced, same being all the evidence introduced by both parties at the trial."
Then follows the evidence. Had the foregoing statement followed the evidence in the record and been made to read, "the foregoing evidence was introduced, same being all the evidence introduced by both parties at the trial," there could not be any question of its sufficiency; but the meaning of such statement would not be different from the one appearing in the case-made. Each is equivalent to averring that the evidence in the case-made is all the evidence that was introduced, and complies with the requirement of the rule.
Defendant O. E. Coover is the father of defendant Carl E. Coover. They were engaged in a general hardware and implement business in the town of Haskell, in this state. The business was managed principally by the son. The father, who is a resident of the state of Missouri, furnished practically all, if not all, the capital that went into the business. The son advertised to the public the fact that his father was a member of the firm, and appears to have held him out continually as a member of the firm until the commencement of this proceeding. The evidence does not disclose whether the partnership is in an insolvent condition, but it does appear that O. E. Coover is solvent. There is no evidence whatever relative to the bankruptcy proceedings of Carl E. Coover. Defendants allege in their answer that within four months preceding the institution of this action Carl E. Coover filed his petition to be *Page 135 adjudicated a bankrupt; and counsel for plaintiff at the trial admitted, without the introduction of evidence, that such petition had been filed and Carl E. Coover adjudicated a bankrupt as alleged in the answer. The foregoing constitutes all the facts in the record relative to said bankruptcy proceeding. No petition has ever been filed by or against the partnership for its adjudication as a bankrupt. The property attached in this proceeding was the property of the partnership and not of the individual Carl E. Coover.
Section 67 of the bankruptcy act (Act July 1, 1898, c. 541, 30 Stat. 565 [U.S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3449]) provides that all levies, judgments, attachments, or other liens obtained through legal proceedings against a person who is insolvent at any time within four months prior to the filing of a petition in bankruptcy against him shall be deemed null and void in case he is adjudged a bankrupt, and the property affected by the levy, judgment, attachment, or other lien shall be deemed wholly discharged and released from the same, and shall pass to the trustee. There can be no doubt that, if the partnership had been adjudicated a bankrupt, such adjudication would have discharged the attachment; and it appears that the learned trial court entertained the view that, by reason of this section, the adjudication of Carl E. Coover individually as a bankrupt had that effect, and that the attached property passed to the trustee as part of the estate of Carl E. Coover, bankrupt. In this view, we think the court fell into error. The better reasoned current authorities construing and applying the bankruptcy act of 1898 agree that, in contemplation of that statute, a partnership is a distinct separate entity from the individual partners who compose it, and that a partnership can be adjudicated a bankrupt only when a petition therefor has been filed by it or directed against it, alleging an act of bankruptcy in which it is involved. A proceeding in bankruptcy may be prosecuted against the partnership, and it be adjudicated a bankrupt without any proceeding prosecuted against the individual members of the partnership and without their being adjudicated bankrupts individually, *Page 136 and the individual partners may be adjudicated bankrupts without involving the partnership. In re Myer et al., 98 Fed. 976, 39 C. C. A. 368; In re L. Stein Co., 127 Fed. 547, 62 C. C. A. 272; In re Bertenshaw, 157 Fed. 363, 85 C. C. A. 61, 17 L. R. A. (N. S.) 886.
In the last cited case Mr. Circuit Judge Sanborn, delivering the opinion of the court, said:
"A partnership owns its own property, and owes its own debts. It, its property, and its debts are separate and distinct from the individuals who compose it, from their individual property, and from their individual debts. The partnership does not own, cannot assign or apply to the partnership debts, the individual property of its members, nor is it liable for their debts. The most that a creditor of a partner can secure from a partnership or from its property is the excess of the latter after the partnership debts have been paid. The partners and their individual property are to a limited extent, to the extent of the excess of their individual property over their individual debts, but not to the full extent of ordinary indorsers or indemnitors, sureties for the debts of the partnership. The act of 1898 recognized these patent facts, and provided for separate adjudications of the partnership and of its members. Under this act, the partnership may make an assignment or commit some other act of bankruptcy and be adjudged a bankrupt while many of its members are solvent, and cannot be so adjudged. On the other hand, some of its members may be adjudged bankrupts while the partnership is not subject to such an adjudication."
The debt this plaintiff is trying to collect in this case is a partnership debt. The property which he is endeavoring to have appropriated to the payment of that debt is partnership property, and not the property of the individual partner who was adjudicated a bankrupt. Had the partnership been adjudicated a bankrupt, then, under the section of the act of 1898 above referred to, the attachment having been levied within four months prior to the adjudication, while the partnership was insolvent, such adjudication would have dissolved the attachment. But does the adjudication of the individual members of the partnership draw into the bankruptcy proceeding the assets of the partnership of which the bankrupt *Page 137 is a member, but against which no bankruptcy proceedings are pending? This question, we think, must upon reason and the authorities be answered in the negative. In re Mercur, 122 Fed. 384, 58 C. C. A. 472, was a case wherein both of the two persons composing a firm had been in separate proceedings instituted against them adjudged individually to be bankrupts, but there had been no proceeding against or adjudication of the firm. The partnership within four months prior to the adjudication of the individual partners as bankrupts had made assignment of parts of its property for the benefit of its creditors. The trustee of the individual bankrupts' estates sought to recover from the assignee of the partnership this property, but the court denied him relief, and held that the adjudication of the individual partners did not give the court jurisdiction of the firm assets, and that, in order for the court to obtain jurisdiction thereof, it was necessary that there be an adjudication of the partnership as a bankrupt. The court quoted approvingly from the opinion of the District Court in that case (116 Fed. 655) the following:
"There has been no adjudication against the firm, and the trustee was not appointed to represent it, but only the two members who happened to compose it in their separate and individual capacity. Under such circumstances, the trustee has no authority to demand or interfere with the firm assets. This is settled by the case of Amsinck v. Bean, 22 Wall. 395, 22 L.Ed. 801, where it was held that, while the assignee (trustee) in bankruptcy of the joint stock and property of a partnership is required by the statute to administer the separate estate of the individual members as well as that of the firm, there is no reciprocal regulation with regard to the estate of the partnership where an individual member of it has alone been adjudged a bankrupt."
In the Amsinck v. Bean case, one of the partners constituting a copartnership had furnished the greater part of the capital invested by the firm, and was a large creditor thereof. The other partner had suffered him, after the firm had ceased paying its creditors, to take charge of the partnership assets and manage them as if they had been owned by him individually. The managing partner proposed and made settlements with creditors of the firm on *Page 138 a basis of 70 cents on the dollar, took the partnership stock, transacted business in his own name, bought and sold new stock and mingled funds, but the court held that such acts did not dissolve the partnership, and that a decree of bankruptcy against the managing partner individually did not pass the partnership assets to his assignee in bankruptcy. The trustee of the bankrupt estate of Carl E. Coover has no interest in the firm assets further than the bankrupt's share of the surplus of those assets that may be left over after the firm's debts are paid, if there be any. The adjudication of the partnership as a bankrupt would not pass the assets of the firm to the trustee of the firm for administration without the consent of the solvent partner, and much greater is the reason why the insolvency and adjudication of one of the individuals of the firm should not operate to transfer the assets of perhaps a solvent firm to the bankruptcy court for administration. If the attachment lien of plaintiff in error could be destroyed by such a proceeding, then the creditors of solvent firms could have no protection in the enforcement of their claims by the provisional remedies prescribed by the statute or by execution, so long as the firm contains a member who is individually insolvent; for by voluntary application of that individual partner for an adjudication as a bankrupt such liens would all be discharged.
In re Harris (D.C.) 108 Fed. 517, is cited and relied upon by defendants in error, but that case is not in point. In that case a person was adjudged a bankrupt as the sole owner of a business conducted in the name of a company. Throughout the entire bankruptcy proceedings the assets of the bankrupt, which were composed entirely of the assets of the company, were treated by the bankrupt and by his creditors who were composed entirely of the creditors of the company as the property of the bankrupt. The evidence in the case disclosed a silent partner who himself permitted the court and the bankrupt and his creditors to treat the assets of the company as the individual property of the bankrupt member; and the court held under those circumstances that the distribution of the estate would be made on the basis that the *Page 139 assets were the property of the individual bankrupt. What representation was made by the bankrupt in the bankruptcy proceedings in this case as to the ownership of the partnership assets the record does not disclose, nor does it disclose whether the partnership creditors, if any such there are, have participated in that proceeding, or whether it has been participated in only by the individual creditors of the bankrupt. Prior to his adjudication, the record does disclose that the bankrupt represented that his father was an interested partner in the business, and held him out to the world as such. Plaintiff in error relied upon such fact when it extended credit to the firm, and has never consented that the property of the firm should be treated as the assets of the bankrupt, nor has it by its acts estopped itself from now asserting that such property is not the property of the bankrupt. It has at all times insisted upon its right to have the assets attached by it applied to the payment of its claim against the partnership. Its claim and contention are similar to those of the creditors in the case of In re Mercur, supra; the only difference being that in that case the creditors obtained a lien upon the assets of the firm within four months prior to the adjudication of the individual partners as bankrupt by virtue of an assignment by the firm for the benefit of the firm's creditors, whereas, in this case plaintiff obtained his lien by means of an attachment. The principle involved in both cases is the same. No contention is made that the grounds of attachment were not established by the evidence; and there is evidence reasonably tending to support same. The only reason presented for dissolution of the attachment was that the adjudication of the junior member of the partnership as a bankrupt operated as a discharge of the attachment and passed the property to the bankrupt's estate.
It follows from the views already expressed that the judgment of the trial court must be reversed and the cause is remanded, with instructions to enter judgment in conformity with this opinion.
All the Justices concur. *Page 140