There are numerous errors alleged in the petition filed in this case, the most important of which, and the only one necessary to notice here, is assignment No. 17. This assignment appears in the following language:
"The court erred in not affording this plaintiff in error a fair and impartial trial before a fair and impartial jury, as provided in section 20 of the Bill of Rights, in this: That the court overruled this plaintiff in error's challenge to a number of jurors who stated on their voir dire examination that they had formed an opinion as to the guilt of this plaintiff in error, and that they then had such opinion, and that it would take evidence to remove it; that on said examination ten (10) jurors stated that they had formed an opinion, and still had an opinion, as to the guilt or innocence of the plaintiff in error, and the court held that they were not thereby disqualified, and overruled this plaintiff in error's challenge to such jurors, and this plaintiff in error was reduced to the necessity of using his peremptory challenge in excusing the most objectionable of such jurors, but was compelled to permit some of the said jurors so entertaining said opinion to sit on the jury and try said cause; wherefore, the plaintiff in error says that he did not have a trial before a fair and impartial jury."
No case has been presented to this court with greater skill and energy than that displayed and exercised on part of the attorneys for the state in this case. The able county attorney, who prosecuted this case below, for his able and fair presentation of the matter in this court deserves the thanks of this court. *Page 603
The question presented under this assignment of error is one that strikes at the very foundation of our jurisprudence. Two cardinal principles of our system are, that every man shall be clothed with the presumption of innocence, and that he shall have a fair trial by an impartial jury.
Section 6 of our Bill of Rights provides: "Right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial, delay, or prejudice."
Section 20 provides:
"In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury."
A fair sample of the examination of the jurors complained of as objectionable, and who sat in the case, is as follows:
"John McKinney: Q. You have formed an opinion? A. Yes, sir. Q. That opinion, formed from what you have heard, you could not give this defendant the same fair and impartial trial as if you had not heard anything? A. I do not think that I could; if I had never heard anything about it, I would not have formed an opinion. Q. But now you have an opinion? A. Yes, sir. Q. In your present frame of mind, with what you have heard, you could convict the defendant on less evidence than if you had not heard anything? The state objects to the form of the question. Objected sustained, and excepted to. This juror challenged by the defendant for cause. Mr. Wimbish: Q. What you have heard about this case was based on rumor, wasn't it? A. Yes, sir. Q. You haven't talked to anybody who was a witness in the case? A. No, sir. Q. Regardless of this rumor that you have heard, can you and will you, if taken as a juror in this case, go into the jury box and take the testimony of the witnesses on the witness stand and the charge of the court, and give this man a fair and impartial trial, notwithstanding the opinion that you have, based upon rumor? A. Yes, sir. The court overrules the defendant's challenge. The defendant excepts."
"J.W. Fuller: Q. You say that you have heard a good deal about this case? A. Yes; I have heard a good deal. Q. You have heard the facts in the case detailed? A. Yes; from rumor and reports, I have. Q. Have you heard a statement of what purported to be the facts in the case? A. Yes, sir. Q. And from that you have formed an opinion? A. Yes, sir. Q. You have that opinion at this time? A. Yes, sir. Q. It would take evidence to remove that opinion? A. Yes, sir." *Page 604
In this case we are called upon to say whether a man shall be deprived of his life by the verdict of a jury when the record discloses that 10 of the persons called and examined as jurors said under oath that they had formed an opinion as to the guilt of the defendant, and that it would require evidence to remove that opinion. The juror McKinney frankly admitted that he could not give the defendant the same fair trial that he could have given if he had not heard of the case. He was asked if he would not convict on less evidence than if he had not heard of the case. The court sustained the state's objection to the question, and did not permit him to answer. This was error. The defendant had the right to know. The court should permit a full investigation when a juror says he has an opinion. If he would require less evidence to convict, he is not a qualified juror. The defendant exhausted his peremptory challenges allowed him by law, and was compelled to accept as jurors four persons who had formed an opinion as to his guilt or innocence.
It has been urged with much force in this case that under the statutes of this state a juror is qualified although he had an opinion, provided it appears to the court upon his declaration that he can and will, notwithstanding such opinion, act impartially and fairly, upon the matters to be submitted to him. This statute was construed by this court in the case of Johnsonv. State, 1 Okla. Crim. 321, 97 P. 1059. The court in an opinion delivered by the presiding judge said:
"But the enumerated causes of challenge in the statute are not exclusive of all others not enumerated. When the juror has any opinion as to the guilt of the defendant, it matters not how this opinion was formed, the closing paragraph of the statute provides that it must appear to the court that the juror can and will act fairly and impartially in the case. But if this provision was not in the statute, we would be forced to place this construction upon the first part of the statute, because section 29 of our Constitution (Bunn's Ed.) is in this language: `In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury.' Const. art. 2, § 20. Any statute which would even tend to deprive a defendant of a trial by an impartial jury would be unconstitutional and void. *Page 605 Although a juror may know absolutely nothing about the facts of the case, and may not have the slightest opinion as to the guilt of the defendant, yet if from any cause or upon any ground it appears to the trial court that the juror is biased or prejudiced against the defendant, it cannot be said that he would be a fair and impartial juror, and he should be excluded from the jury; otherwise the Constitution of the state would be disregarded and trampled upon. The trial court should resolve all doubts upon this matter in favor of the defendant. Upon the other hand, when no personal, class, or race bias or prejudice appears to exist in the mind of the juror against the defendant, but it does appear that from rumor, or reading the public press, or from notoriety, the juror has an opinion as to the guilt of the defendant, but that such opinion will not combat the testimony or resist its force, and the court is satisfied that the juror can and will lay this opinion aside, and base his verdict alone upon the testimony of the witnesses and the instructions of the court, then the juror is competent. To our minds this is the only rational construction which can be placed upon our statute."
In the case at bar we have reviewed at considerable length a great number of authorities on this proposition, and such research has convinced us that the weight of modern authority as well as reason is that, if from any cause the juror has such an opinion as will preclude a fair trial, he is disqualified, without regard to the causes enumerated in the statute.
In the case of State v. Start, 60 Kan. 256, 56 P. 15, the Supreme Court of Kansas, in passing on a similar question, used this language:
"Persons called as jurors who have heard and read detailed accounts of an alleged offense, from which they have formed fixed and positive opinions as to the guilt of the defendant that still remain with them, and who state on examination that they then have no doubt of the defendant's guilt, are not qualified jurors, although they believe and express their belief that they can fairly try the case upon the testimony produced."
In the case of Black v. State, 42 Tex. 377, in passing on a similar question, the Supreme Court of that state said:
"A general opinion, formed without any particular examination into the facts, and derived from a source in which the juror placed no great reliance, might be denominated a conclusion, and *Page 606 still it might generally not disqualify the juror. On the other hand, a satisfactory conclusion, from hearing and carefully considering the evidence, would certainly disqualify the juror. In this case the juror had read the report of the evidence in the Walker Case; Walker and the defendant being charged with the commission of the same offense, in the same indictment. The report referred to may be presumed to be the detail of the evidence at a former trial, as given in the newspapers of the city, which is usually published in cases exciting any general interest. He must have placed reliance in the report of the evidence which he read in order to have enabled him to have formed a conclusion at all, and the fact that, as he says himself, that it would require other and different evidence to change that opinion, shows, or at least renders it probable, that it was with some considerable attention to and consideration of the facts reported, that he had formed his conclusion. Under such circumstances, we are of opinion that the court below, in judging of the qualification of the juror, should not have been satisfied that he was an impartial juror. The juror took his seat in the jury box with a conclusion formed, when the defendant had not been heard, and without the benefit of the instruction of the court as to the law applicable to the case. If his conclusion was in favor of the prisoner's guilt, it was as a weight put in the scale of justice before the trial commenced. Whatever of obstinacy of character and pride of opinion he possessed had to be overcome by other evidence. There are perhaps but few men who do not lean in favor of a preconceived opinion, founded on what they deem to be authentic source. They look favorably upon whatever will support it, and examine with increased caution whatever will oppose it. The love of consistency in the formation of their judgments requires this of them. No authority has been found for holding that this juror was qualified, and an abundance that is in opposition to it."
One of the best considered cases on this question we find reported in Rothschild v. State, 7 Tex. App. 519 [7 Tex. Crim. 519]. In that case the court in an opinion delivered by Judge Clark said:
"This juror, William Sanders, on his voir dire appeared to be qualified, and was accepted by the state. Upon examination by the defendant, he stated that he had heard the case talked about a good deal, had formed an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant from what he had heard, and that opinion was that he was guilty. He had not only formed the opinion, but had expressed it frequently, having heard the case talked about a *Page 607 good deal. This opinion was formed the first time he had heard the circumstances, and had continued until the present time, and was now his opinion. It was based upon what he had heard from outsiders, and he had never heard any particulars or read any evidence in the case, but he believed what he heard to be true, and still believed it. He would not take this opinion in the jury box if selected as a juror, but would throw it aside, and go by the evidence, as he could lay aside his opinions at will. * * *
"A mere impression, though derived from the testimony, does not disqualify if it be perfectly apparent, not from what the juror may say, but from all the evidence bearing on the issue, that such impressions will not influence his action in finding a verdict; and, on the other hand, a disqualifying opinion may be formed from mere hearsay. * * * The fact that a juror may say that, notwithstanding his opinion formed from hearsay, he can try the case impartially, manifests in most instances a recklessness of judgment and a state of mind less prepared to receive and allow a fair defense than if he had believed on proof which furnishes at least prima facie evidence of guilt. * * *
"Mr. Bishop, our most thoughtful and philosophic writer on criminal law, after a full citation of the leading American authorities, deduces the true rule as follows: `The true view would seem to be that, since the law presumes every man to be innocent until he is by judicial evidence proved in a court of justice to be guilty, and since the burden is on the prosecuting power to make the guilt appear affirmatively by proofs produced at the trial, if a man leaps in advance of the law, and settles in his own mind the question of guilt against the prisoner, whether by reason of what he has read or heard, or by reason of an inner impulse which condemns before it hears, he is not a fit person to be a juror in the cause; for his mind, which ought at least to be a blank on which the evidence might write its conclusions, is already preoccupied. It is vain for a man to say, or even believe, that he can judge impartially of a matter which he has already determined. Human nature, as developed in the average of men, does not permit this. The juror is to hear, and then say what he believes; but, if he believes before hearing that only which can lawfully affect his belief — namely, the testimony of the witnesses in open court — he is, in legal reason, disqualified to hear and be swayed by the testimony. It is immaterial, therefore, whether the belief, which comes not according to the law, is derived from rumor, *Page 608 or from listening to statements of a more reliable sort. Likewise, if the juror has not expressed his belief, he is still unfit, though the expression of it might render him unfit in a yet higher degree. Such is the legal reason which should govern the question.' 1 Bishop's Cr. Proc. § 910.
"Judge Marshall, in passing upon the question in Burr's Case, used these words: `I have always conceived, and still conceive, an impartial jury, as required by the common law and as secured by the Constitution, must be composed of men who will fairly hear the testimony which may be offered to them, and bring in their verdict according to that testimony, and according to the law arising on it. This is not to be expected — certainly the law does not expect it — where the jurors, before they hear the testimony, have deliberately formed and delivered an opinion that the person whom they are to try is guilty or innocent of the charge alleged against him.' Burr's Trial, 128.
"Judge Taney, in a criminal trial in 1854, held that: `If the juror has formed an opinion that the prisoners are guilty, and entertains that opinion now, without waiting to hear the testimony, then he is incompetent.' Whart. Cr. Law, § 2981.
"Similar views were expressed by the Chief Justice in Blackv. State, and it was there said that the fact that the juror himself said it would require other and different evidence to change his opinion showed, or at least rendered it probable, that it was with some considerable attention to and consideration of the facts reported that he had formed his conclusion. And it was further held that, if upon an examination of the juror it was doubtful whether he was impartial or not, it would be safer, and more in unison with the spirit of our Constitution and laws relating to the trial by jury, to decide against the qualification of the juror. 42 Tex. 382, 383.
"While we recognize the rule that the action of the lower court in passing upon the qualifications of a juror should not be reviewed except in a clear case (Reynolds v. United States, 8 Otto, 157 [25 L. Ed. 244]), yet, after a careful consideration of the law and the facts pertaining to the juror Sanders, we are constrained to say that he was not a fit person to pass upon the life of the prisoner. From his own testimony, he had formed an opinion that the prisoner was guilty at the time he had first heard of the occurrence, which opinion had remained with him from that time continuously to the time of trial — a period of nearly two years. He had heard the case talked about a great *Page 609 deal, believed what he had heard, and had frequently expressed the opinion that the defendant was guilty, and that he would take his seat upon the jury prepared to act upon it as an established opinion in case he heard nothing else to change it. In the language of Hawkins, the juror `hath declared his opinion beforehand that the party is guilty:' and according to the doctrine accepted nearly everywhere in the United States, and probably in every other locality where the common law prevails, he was incompetent. 1 Bishop's Cr. Proc. § 909. Certainly the repetition of his examination as many as six different times by the respective parties and the court is most convincing that his qualifications were of so doubtful a character that he should have been rejected on a challenge for cause."
In the case of Ward v. State, 19 Tex. App. 664[19 Tex. Crim. 664], in an opinion delivered by Judge Hurt, a more learned criminal lawyer than whom never wrote an opinion, the court said:
"This conviction was for the killing of Robert Fly. We will treat the first and third assigned errors together.
"First error assigned: That the court erred in overruling the defendant's challenge for cause to the juror J.R. Scates, and compelled defendant to challenge him peremptorily. Upon his voirdire Scates answered: `I have talked to witnesses about the case; have strong opinions as to his guilt or innocence; have expressed those opinions; it would take good, positive, and conclusive evidence of truthful men to change my opinion'; but his opinions would not influence his verdict.
"Third error: In overruling defendant's challenge for cause to W.W. Bailey. Upon his voir dire this juror answered: `I have some opinion now as to his guilt or innocence. It would take evidence to change that opinion. I got that opinion from hearsay or general gossip. I heard about it through talk and newspapers. What I read purported to be the truth, as well as I remember it. It is a settled opinion now. If the evidence turned out as I have read it, I would be of the same opinion still. I think that opinion would not influence my verdict.'
"The juror Newton, on his voir dire, said: `I have formed an opinion as to the guilt of defendant from hearsay. It would take evidence to remove that opinion. I could discard that opinion, try the case on the evidence, but the opinion might have a bearing on me.'
"R.B. Ship said: `I have formed and expressed an opinion *Page 610 as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. I could not discard it in going into the jury box. It would take evidence to change it. I would render a verdict upon the evidence uninfluenced by that opinion. The parties who told me were not witnesses, but told me what purported to be the circumstances and facts of the case, and may have had other conversations since then with some parties.'
"All of these objectionable jurors, except Bailey and Ship, when defendant's challenges for cause were overruled, were challenged peremptorily, and did not serve on the jury. Defendant, however, exhausted his peremptory challenges. That each and every one of these jurors were obnoxious to challenge for cause there can be no doubt or question.
"We have had under consideration the questions presented in this record relating to the competency of the jurors for quite a long while. We have carefully examined and compared the authorities bearing upon this subject, with a view of making, if possible, a clearer statement of the principles of law applicable thereto than we have already done; but we are forced to concede our inability to make a clearer or more lucid exposition of the law than that already made. The opinion of Judge Clark in the Rothschild Case is not only a model for style and logic, but is, we believe, exhaustive of the subject.
"In support, therefore, of the position that the above-named persons were incompetent because they had formed an opinion of the guilt of defendant, which was calculated to influence their verdict, we submit the following authorities: Rothschild v.State, 7 Tex. App. 540[7 Tex. Crim. 540];Burrell v. State, 18 Tex. 713; Johnson v.State, 27 Tex. 758; Sharp v. State, 6 Tex. App. 650[6 Tex. Crim. 650]; Bejarano v.State, Id. 265; Krebs v. State, 8 Tex. App. 1 [8 Tex. Crim. 1]; Loggins v. State, 12 Tex. App. 65[12 Tex. Crim. 65]."
It has been urged in this case that on the evidence produced the jury could not have returned other than a verdict of guilty, and therefore the defendant was not prejudiced by reason of the fact that some of the jurors had formed an opinion as to his guilt. As to whether a different verdict could not have been returned on the evidence, we are not called upon to decide. We might concede that such is true; that being true, we cannot agree that the defendant was not deprived of the rights guaranteed to him under our Constitution. The fact remains that this jury fixed his punishment at death. In determining this case, *Page 611 although the evidence may show the defendant guilty beyond all peradventure of a doubt, and sufficient to support a verdict with the death penalty, we must nevertheless set a precedent under which a perfectly innocent man may be tried and have preserved to him his constitutional rights of the presumption of innocence, and a trial before an impartial jury. If a juror has prejudged the guilt of the defendant before hearing the sworn testimony, then it cannot be said that the defendant had a trial before an impartial jury. It is a physical impossibility for a juror, who has an opinion based on what he has understood to be the facts in the case, to weigh the evidence as though he had never heard of the case and had not already made up his mind. He may have an earnest and conscientious desire to do so and to deal out exact justice, but he will unconsciously attach a greater weight to the evidence which conforms to his preconceived opinion than he would otherwise do. He is not in that frame of mind which the Constitution contemplates, and which is necessary to enable him to fairly and impartially judge as to the weight to be given to the evidence of each witness appearing before him. The determination of the qualifications of a juror is a matter addressed to the discretion of the trial court, and the question to be determined here is whether the trial court in this case abused this discretion to the prejudice of the defendant.
After a careful review of the numerous authorities called to our attention by the counsel in the case, and those which we have been able to find by our own efforts, we are convinced that the court did abuse such discretion to the prejudice of the defendant. The principle that every reasonable doubt must be resolved in favor of the defendant applies in this instance as well as to the evidence offered before the jury on the final trial. The evidence offered as to the qualifications of the jurors enters into and becomes a material part of the trial, as much so as the evidence offered by the witnesses on the part of the state, and in this case the trial court should have resolved that doubt in favor of the defendant, and sustained his challenges for cause to these jurors.
We deem it unnecessary to review the other errors complained *Page 612 of. They are directed principally to the action of the court in refusing a change of venue and in drawing and summoning the panel of jurors from which the trial jury was selected. These are questions not likely to arise on the next trial of this case, and not necessary to be considered here.
For the refusal of the court to sustain the challenge made to the jurors who testified on their voir dire that they had formed such an opinion as to the guilt of the defendant as would require evidence to remove, the judgment of the lower court must be reversed.