ON THE MERITS. (249 P. 364.) The defendants, C.K. Mageske, Daniel Hammer and David Kimmel were indicted by the grand jury of Clackamas County, Oregon, tried and convicted of the crime of possessing mash, wort and wash, fit for distillation, alleged to have been committed on the thirtieth day of August, 1923.
AFFIRMED AS TO DEFENDANTS HAMMER AND KIMMEL. REVERSED AS TO DEFENDANT MAGESKE. The testimony in the case tends to sustain the charge of the indictment and shows facts substantially as follows:
Defendant David Kimmel owned a sixty-acre tract of land in Clackamas County, and his son owned a twenty-acre tract adjoining to the north. On August 30th, the defendants Hammer and Mageske, while *Page 315 riding in an automobile, were stopped on the road from Kimmel's place, near the Baker bridge across the Clackamas River, by officer Green. Just before they were stopped there was thrown out of their car a sack containing several bottles of moonshine whisky. They were arrested, and immediately afterward the Kimmel place was searched, and a moonshine still, a barrel or two of mash and a complete distilling outfit were found on the twenty-acre tract of land adjoining defendant Kimmel's place, about fifty feet from the line between the two places. The twenty-acre tract of land belonging to the son was looked after and in charge of defendant Kimmel. A part of Kimmel's crop was then on the twenty-acre tract.
On the day after the arrest, in the immediate vicinity of the still, nine gallons of moonshine whisky were found. Defendants Hammer and Mageske had endeavored through Kimmel to obtain a lease upon the twenty-acre tract and the document had been drawn for that purpose, but not yet signed, as the son was away in California.
Defendants Hammer and Mageske came to the Kimmel place many times during the month of July, and oftener during the month of August, and on one or more occasions stayed part or all of the night.
Just previous to their arrest and on the same day, the automobile, in which they drove back and forth between Portland and the Kimmel place, stood in the road in front of the Kimmel house, and one or both of the defendants were on the premises. Hammer and Mageske assisted Kimmel in digging a well or cistern which was some sixty feet from the place where the distilling outfit was located. A pump was in the cistern, or well, and there was lying near it hose sufficient to extend from the pump to the dugout *Page 316 where the still was located. The still and its contents were warm on the evening when the raid was made.
On one occasion defendant Hammer told one of Kimmel's girls not to go down on the twenty-acre tract, as there was dynamite there. There was a truck-garden within a few feet of this cistern in which the Kimmel family picked cucumbers and other garden truck about every other day during August, up to and including the time the still was found. The dugout for the still was in view of the cistern or well, and was also in view of the truck patch. The only trail from the dugout was a well-worn trail, recently used, leading past the cistern up through Kimmel's backyard to the road. Mr. Kimmel's grain was thrashed on the 18th of August, and a quantity of straw from the thrashing was piled near the cistern and dugout where the still was located. The dirt from the dugout was in plain view of the garden frequented by Kimmel and his family, and could not have been used without Kimmel's knowledge.
The defendants, by their counsel, objected and excepted to the testimony of members of the grand jury as to the statements of the defendants, given before the grand jury, and claim error by reason of the court having admitted such testimony. Or. L., Section 1426, provides in part, that
"a member of a grand jury may be required by any court to disclose the testimony of a witness examined before such grand jury, for the purpose of ascertaining whether it is consistent with that given by the witness before the court, or to disclose the testimony given before such grand jury by any person, upon a charge against such person for perjury, or upon his trial therefor."
It has been held by this court several times that the testimony of a grand jury was inadmissible upon the *Page 317 trial in a criminal prosecution: State v. Moran, 15 Or. 262,274 (14 P. 419); State v. Rathie, 101 Or. 339, 349 (199 P. 169, 200 P. 790); State v. Ayles, 74 Or. 153 (145 P. 19, Ann. Cas. 1916E, 738); State v. O'Donnell, 77 Or. 116 (149 P. 536).
The principle gleaned from the books, that when the demand for promoting justice either in a civil or criminal case, outweighs the necessities for keeping the testimony before a grand jury secret, or when the reasons for keeping the testimony private have passed away, the court in its discretion should release the chain of secrecy and admit such evidence in order to prevent the claims of public justice from being unsatisfied: 1 Bishop on Crim. Proced., § 859; Wharton, Crim.Ev., § 510, and note 5 collating the authorities.
At the close of the testimony on the part of the State, counsel for defendants moved for a dismissal for the reason there was not sufficient evidence to sustain the indictment.
The testimony was largely circumstantial, nevertheless it was plain. The jury examined the premises and were in a position to understand the purport of the evidence. There was sufficient evidence to be submitted to the jury showing the guilt of the defendants. There was no error in overruling the motion for a directed verdict of not guilty.
The defendant, C.K. Mageske, testified as a witness on his own behalf, as an excuse for his being in the vicinity of the Kimmel place on the day the defendants were arrested, and as a material part of his defense, that he was there where there were campers near a creek, looking for his son, preparatory to sending him to school. Upon rebuttal, the State called Mrs. Alvina Mageske, the wife of defendant C.K. Mageske, as a witness, and over the objections and *Page 318 exceptions of counsel for defendants, she was permitted to testify that at the time defendant Mageske claimed he was in search of his son, who was about seventeen years of age, the son was at or near St. Johns, Oregon, rooming there, and working in a mill and that his father knew it.
The testimony of Mrs. Mageske was material and prejudicial to defendant Mageske's case. It had no bearing upon the case against Hammer and Kimmel. Section 1535, Or. L., provides as follows:
"In all criminal actions, where the husband is the party accused, the wife shall be a competent witness, and when the wife is the party accused, the husband shall be a competent witness; but neither husband nor wife in such cases, shall be compelled or allowed to testify in such cases unless by consent of both of them; provided, that in all cases of personal violence upon either by the other, the injured party, husband or wife, shall be allowed to testify against the other; provided, further, that in all criminal actions for polygamy and adultery, the husband or wife of the accused, shall be a competent witness, and shall be allowed to testify against the other, and without the consent of the other, as to the fact of marriage."
The provision that a husband or wife, in order to be a competent witness against the other, by the consent of both, means an active consent, and not such a consent as may be implied from the fact that the other spouse has testified: State v.McGrath, 35 Or. 109, 112 (57 P. 321). It did not appear in the case that the consent of either the husband or wife was obtained. In the case of State v. Hatcher, 29 Or. 310 (44 P. 584), which was a prosecution for homicide, it was held that an argument by the prosecuting attorney, allowed over the objection of the accused, to the effect that failure to call the wife of the accused, who was present at the homicide, was proof of the *Page 319 fact that she would have testified adversely to him if called, constituted reversible error, since the wife cannot be compelled to become a witness for her husband, and the record was silent as to whether she had given her consent thereto. It is claimed on behalf of the State that the wife was a competent witness against her husband, under Sections 733 and 734, Or. L., by virtue of the exception contained in Section 734. The provision in that section, that if a party offers himself as a witness, does not apply to criminal proceedings, the Criminal Code being complete within itself under Section 1535 on that subject: State v.McGrath, supra. See, also, State v. Luper, 49 Or. 605, 607 (91 P. 444).
It is the policy of the law, both common and statutory, to encourage and protect confidential relations between husband and wife; therefore, one spouse cannot be compelled or allowed to testify in a criminal action, where the other is a party, without the consent of both of them; except in cases of personal violence upon either by the other, and in criminal actions for polygamy or adultery. This case does not come within either of the exceptions enumerated: See 4 Jones' Blue Book of Ev., § 751; 1 Greenleaf on Ev. (16 ed.), § 333c, page 493.
It is attempted upon the part of the State to qualify Mrs. Mageske as a witness against her husband for the reason that at the time of the trial they were living separate and apart from each other. That would not remove the incompetency of a husband or wife as a witness for or against each other: 40 Cyc. 2231 (12); Davis v. State, 96 Tex. Cr. 367 (257 S.W. 1099); West v. Commonwealth, 194 Ky. 536 (240 S.W. 52). *Page 320
Adherence to the plain provisions of the law compels a reversal of the judgment as against defendant C.K. Mageske, and the cause will be remanded for a new trial of the indictment against him.
Finding no error in the record as to defendants Hammer and Kimmel, the judgment against them is affirmed.
AFFIRMED AS TO DEFENDANTS HAMMER AND KIMMEL. REVERSED AS TO DEFENDANT MAGESKE.
McBRIDE, C.J., and BURNETT and COSHOW, JJ., concur.