These consolidated cases are before the court on Plaintiffs' (taxpayers) Notice of Motion for Summary Judgment and Defendant Department of Revenue's (the department) Motion for Summary Judgment. *Page 65
FACTS The parties have stipulated that the facts of these cases are as stated in the decision of the Magistrate Division, which may be summarized as follows:
Since 1992, taxpayers have been retired from employment with New York State. Since 1997, taxpayers have been full-time residents of Oregon filing separate Oregon personal income tax returns. Pension payments received by taxpayers from the New York State and Local Retirement System have been included in income reported to Oregon and taxes have been paid on the pensions. For the 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 tax years, taxpayers filed claims for refund of taxes paid on the pensions. The department denied the claims for refund.
ISSUE Because of Oregon's tax treatment of pensions paid to former Oregon employees, are taxpayers entitled to refunds of Oregon tax on pensions received from the state of New York?
ANALYSIS Taxpayers claim they are entitled to a refund of Oregon income tax imposed on pension benefits paid by the state of New York. Taxpayers complain that persons retired from service to the state of Oregon are treated more favorably than those who retired from employment with other states and that this alleged differential treatment constitutes violations of Article I, sections 20 and 32 of the Oregon Constitution and the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The allegedly unconstitutional benefit afforded certain Oregon public employee retirees was what taxpayers call a "rebate" payment made under ORS 238.380,1 calculated to increase certain PERS payments so that the amount received, after payment of Oregon income tax, is equivalent to the amount the retiree would have received if the PERS benefit had not been subjected to Oregon income tax.2 See *Page 66 generally Vogl v. Dept. of Rev., 327 Or. 193, 960 P.2d 373 (1998).
Taxpayers complain about legislative acts of the state of Oregon occurring as part of a series of legislative and judicial actions regarding Oregon taxation of the retirement income of certain former federal employees, summarized, for the most part in Vogl. Neither taxpayer is, however, a former federal employee and the legal doctrines central to the analysis for federal employees do not help taxpayers. The federal retirees had the benefit of federal constitutional and statutory rules relating to intergovernmental immunity that impose quite strict uniformity requirements for treatment of federal retirees. Davis v.Michigan Dept. of Treasury, 489 U.S. 803, 109 S.Ct. 1500, 103 L.Ed.2d 891 (1989). Those rules do not extend to taxation by one state of the current or former employees of another state. On this question of whether Oregon may tax pension payments made by other states while not taxing its own pension payments,3 this court sees no reason to depart from its reasoning in Simpson v. Dept. of Rev., 12 OTR 455 (1993), aff'd318 Or. 579, 870 P.2d 824 (1994), a case directly addressing that question and finding Oregon's practice acceptable. Each of the objections raised by taxpayers as to classification differences between themselves and Oregon retirees are adequately addressed in Simpson.
Taxpayers urge, however, that the action of the state may be declared improper even though it does not transgress the particular limitations cited by taxpayers and their counterparts in Simpson, where:
*Page 67"* * * [T]he governmental objective for the disparity of treatment between Oregon PERS retirees and out-of-state PERS retirees was and remains ILLEGITIMATE and cannot withstand judicial scrutiny.
Taxpayers argue that the constitutionality of the Oregon system of taxation of pensions "turns on whether the legislative purpose for enactment of the 1995 tax rebate law is legitimate and permissible." (Id. at 4.) They then observe that because the actions of Oregon were, in their view, motivated either by a desire to violate the rights of federal retirees or to breach contractual rights of Oregon employees, the classifications that the legislature made can no longer benefit from a tolerant rational basis scope of review under various constitutional uniformity provisions. Id. at 6. Taxpayers assert these classifications must be struck down because they were employed by the legislature as part of an improperly motivated scheme with no legitimate objective. Taxpayers argue that given the presence of improper motives, the state cannot take the benefit of Simpson, a case in which, they argue, no improper legislative motive was shown to exist.
Quite apart from the fact that no case law has been cited by taxpayers requiring or justifying an analysis of legislative "motives," as opposed to review of the classifications employed by the legislature regardless of subjective motives,4 taxpayers do not have standing to raise the objections they make. On one hand, taxpayers describe as improper the action the Oregon legislature took in ending an Oregon tax exemption for Oregon retirees. But, taxpayers are not Oregon retirees. On the other hand, taxpayers complain about 1995 legislation that provided for "extra" pension payments for Oregon retirees, saying this was motivated by a desire to avoid the state's responsibilities under Davis. However, as already noted, taxpayers are not federal retirees and have no standing to raise those objections directly.
Taxpayers may not indirectly raise the issues of compliance with federal law and breach of contract. They cannot overcome their standing deficiencies by suggesting that a federal law violation, found to exist in Vogl, causes a pervasive taint such that the state legislation is void. Nor may they complain of the breach of contract found to exist, as to Oregon retirees, in Hughes v. State of Oregon, 314 Or. 1, 838 P.2d 1018 (1992). *Page 68
The courts do not sit as parental figures punishing legislatures by voiding legislation that complies with constitutional limitations but may have been, in the minds of some, improperly "motivated." Legislatures are judged on what they do and not motive, unless a constitutional limitation is stated or interpreted to include a motive element.
The 1995 statutory provisions, which taxpayers criticize, attempted to bring in the "back door" the exemption provision for Oregon state pensions that had existed prior to Davis 489 U.S. 803. See Vogl,327 Or. 193. That act was apparently in response to the bad news for the state contained in Hughes. 314 Or. 1. It was, vis a vis a federal pensioner, objectionable because the classification standards and permissible differential treatments under Title 4, United States Code section 111 are much narrower than under equal protection analysis. However, for a pensioner of another state, the legislative action only recreated, through rebate rather than exemption, the fiscal and economic reality held to be permitted in Simpson: Oregon state pensions effectively would not be taxed in Oregon, but pensions paid by other states to residents of Oregon would be subject to taxation by Oregon.12 OTR 455. In enacting the 1995 legislation, apparently the Oregon legislature's goal was to recreate the results existing in Simpson. The legislature sought to avoid the violation of federal retiree rights through use of an approach like the approach used in the statute upheld in Ragsdale. The federal retirees in Vogl successfully asserted that the state failed in that attempt. Following Vogl, remedies were crafted to address the complaints of the federal pensioners. However, taxpayers may not "piggy-back" on Vogl or Hughes and avoid the holding in Simpson. Now, therefore,
IT IS ORDERED that Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment is granted; and
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs' Notice of Motion for Summary Judgment is denied. Costs to neither party.
1 All references to the Oregon Revised Statutes are to 1995.
2 There is an alternative benefit under ORS 238.385, and qualifying retirees are entitled to the larger of the benefits. The Oregon benefits for Oregon retirees apply only to persons hired before a certain date and only as to benefits for service rendered before a certain date. These limitations are not relevant to the disposition of this case.
3 The court considers the "gross up" rebate payment to be the functional and legal equivalent of an exemption from Oregon taxation for certain PERS retirees. That is consistent with the functional analysis of "exemptions" and "rebates" found in Vogl and Ragsdale v. Dept. of Rev.321 Or. 216, 895 P.2d 1348, cert den 516 U.S. 1011, 116 S.Ct. 569,133 L.Ed.2d 493 (1995).
4 This is not surprising as none of the constitutional texts cited by taxpayers contain "motive" provisions. *Page 69