The Consolidated Cigar Corporation sued Louis Corbin and Charles Bodine, trading as "Corbin Bodine," *Page 276 in assumpsit, to recover $5,192. A verdict was directed in plaintiff's favor, for $4,985.82, on which judgment was entered; defendants have appealed.
The original statement of claim avers that, on July 20, 1923, plaintiff delivered to defendants certain merchandise, valued at the sum first above mentioned, to be carried to Jersey City, New Jersey, and that defendants failed to deliver the goods. Hence the suit.
An affidavit of defense was filed raising points of law exclusively; and the statement of claim was amended so as to give the consideration for the contract and other particulars called for by defendants. This amended statement averred that, at the time in question, defendants "were engaged in the trucking business for hire in and about the City of Philadelphia." Then an affidavit on the merits was filed wherein defendants denied that "on the date set forth in plaintiff's statement of claim they were engaged in the trucking business for hire in and about the City of Philadelphia"; and averred that, "on the contrary, . . . . . . Corbin Bodine, a corporation existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, [was the party so] engaged . . . . . . on the date mentioned." In this affidavit, defendants also denied that the goods in question were delivered to them, and insisted they were in fact delivered to the aforesaid corporation, from whom they were stolen without any fault on its part; and defendants averred that, at the time of the delivery of the goods, "plaintiff placed a value thereon of $1,592," as stated in the shipping order; further, that, prior to the present action, plaintiff had sued the aforesaid corporation in the City of New York upon the same cause of action, and that this suit was still pending and undisposed of; finally, that some of the merchandise had been found and returned to plaintiff, which fact the latter admitted at trial. The difference between the amount claimed and the verdict rendered is probably accounted for by the value of the goods returned, but no point is raised concerning this variation. *Page 277
The case went to trial on the above pleadings; the only questions that seem to have been at issue, or to have been considered by the parties as at issue, were (1) the value of the merchandise and the effect of the apparent undervaluation in the shipping order; (2) whether the transaction in question was between plaintiff and the individual defendants or between the former and a Delaware corporation named "Corbin Bodine, Inc."
So far as the first issue is concerned, plaintiff frankly admitted at trial that the shipping order stated the value as $1,592, but insisted the true value was the amount sued for, $5,192, testifying that the difference in the amounts was explained by the fact that there had been a transposition of the figures 5 and 1, and that this was a mere clerical error. When the trial judge asked counsel for defendant, "Is there any dispute about the real value of the goods?" the latter replied, "I don't think so, if he says it is a mistake." The court then inquired, "Is there any question that the freight rate is just the same whether [the goods] are valued at $1,592 or $5,192" to which counsel for defendant answered "No." Whereupon the court remarked, "So that it made no change in the charge that would have been made against the shipper?" and counsel for defendant replied, "No." Under these circumstances, we must take it that the court below was warranted in treating the case as though the point of a difference in value between the amount stated in the shipping order and in plaintiff's statement of claim was waived by defendant. This having been the theory in which the case was tried, it cannot be departed from on appeal: Achenbach v. Stoddard, 253 Pa. 338, 343; Weiskircher v. Connelly, 256 Pa. 387,389; Isett v. Maclay, 265 Pa. 165, 170; Kauffman v. Kauffman, 266 Pa. 270, 276; Sullivan v. B. O. R. R. Co.,272 Pa. 429, 436; Saxman v. McCormick, 278 Pa. 268, 273. We may add, moreover, there is testimony that defendants' rates were fixed by the quantity or bulk of the goods shipped rather than by their value. *Page 278
On the second issue, as to whether the transaction in question was between plaintiff and the individual defendants or between it and a Delaware corporation named Corbin Bodine, Inc., the only evidence tendered by defendants was as follows: First, they offered the shipping order and waybill, and, next, the record of the before-mentioned suit in New York, both, apparently, to show that plaintiff dealt with Corbin Bodine as a corporation rather than with the defendants as individuals. But the trouble with defendants' case is that they did not adhere consistently to the defense averred in their affidavit; in place of maintaining steadfastly that the goods were never delivered to them as individuals, they made admissions which can be taken against them as importing the contrary, and this will be shown later.
During the course of the trial, the court remarked, referring to the New York suit, "The point Mr. Cohen [counsel for the defense] makes is this, that you [meaning plaintiff] sued an incorporated body in New York City, claiming the incorporated body was the person responsible, and you are here suing individual parties personally." Counsel for plaintiff then explained that, in bringing the New York suit, his clients had named a wrong defendant, and, as soon as he ascertained that fact, he had had the case discontinued. Thereupon the trial judge, turning to counsel for defendants, said: "Now you set up the defense in this case that the other suit [meaning the New York suit] was right and this one is wrong," and counsel replied, "That is right . . . . . . that is my defense." This position, of course, was consistent with the pleadings; but, later on, counsel for defendants said of record, "I admit that Louis Corbin and Charles A. Bodine [defendants in the present suit] were officers and directors of the defendant corporation, Corbin Bodine, and that, at the time the cigars were shipped from the Consolidated Cigar Corporation through Corbin Bodine, Inc., . . . . . . Corbin Bodine *Page 279 as individuals were acting on behalf of the corporation, . . . . . . and Corbin Bodine, Inc., received the shipment in Philadelphia through these two individuals."
While defendants wavered in maintaining their defense, neither of the parties made any deliberate effort at trial to depart from the main issue raised by the pleadings, as to whether it was the individual defendants or the alleged Delaware corporation with whom plaintiff dealt; and, although they now raise it, no point was there made by defendants, — either in the pleadings, in the recorded discussion between the court and counsel, or by a request for charge, — that the transaction in suit was of an interstate character, or that this aspect of the matter should influence the decision of the case.
True, plaintiff introduced evidence to prove that no such foreign corporation as "Corbin Bodine, Inc.," was registered in Pennsylvania at the time of the shipping contract, but this evidence bore on the main issue and went to show the probability that the alleged corporation did not exist at that time.
As previously said, the issue as to whom plaintiff dealt with, whether defendants individually or the alleged corporation, was to the fore during the trial, and the court below did not indicate a departure therefrom when instructing the jury to find for plaintiff, nor, in fact, did it at that time indicate any particular grounds of decision. But, in its opinion entering judgment on the verdict, the court, apparently assuming, for the moment, the existence of such a corporation when the contract was made, stated: "The defendants admittedly were in the active management of the business in Philadelphia, and whether they were conducting the business for themselves individually or on behalf of an unregistered foreign corporation, unauthorized to do business here, the result as to their liability is the same," citing Lasher v. Stimson, 145 Pa. 30,36, and Raff v. Isman, 235 Pa. 347, 351-2, where we said: "When a person assumes *Page 280 to act for another, knowing that he is not authorized to do so [because that other is a nonregistered foreign corporation] he becomes personally liable to the party with whom he deals for or on account of his alleged principal."
Perhaps the above excerpt from the opinion of the court below overlooks the fact, now called to our attention by defendants, that the transaction involved in this case was interstate in character, and also the rule, depended upon by them in this appeal, that, while a foreign corporation may engage generally in business within a state in such manner that registration under a local statute would be necessary, yet, on the other hand, it may carry out a single transaction which would be strictly interstate in character, and, as to that transaction, the corporation would be protected by the federal Constitution from the ordinary consequences of its neglect to register as required by the local statute.* But, as previously noted, the case at bar was not tried on the theory that the character of the transaction, as an interstate shipment, was of force; nor, during the course of the trial, was consideration given to the thought that the nonregistration of the alleged corporation in any sense controlled the situation. The last-mentioned idea seems to have been propounded for the first time by the court below in entering judgment on the verdict. If defendants wished to insist on the point which they now raise, — that the trial court gave to the fact that the alleged *Page 281 corporation was not registered at the time the contract was made, an importance which, for constitutional reasons, could not be lawfully allowed it, — this contention should have been made to the court below, on a motion to reconsider and set aside the judgment, as having been entered on a mistake of law, and for a new trial, or in some other way, and not to this court as an original contention: Chartiers Creek Bridge,235 Pa. 365; Clarion Borough Petition, 275 Pa. 175; Hulbert v. Chicago, 202 U.S. 275, 279, 280; Willoughby v. Chicago,235 U.S. 45, 49; see also, Oxley Stave Co. v. Butler County,166 U.S. 648, 653; Keokuk, etc., Bridge Co. v. Illinois,175 U.S. 626, 633, 634; Cleveland, etc., R. R. Co. v. Cleveland,235 U.S. 50, 53. Where facts are present in the record on which a constitutional question concerning interstate commerce is sought to be based, but the question was neither raised in nor passed on by the court below, it will not be considered on appeal by this court.
In connection with the above rule, see Central Union Telephone Co. v. City of Edwardsville, 46 Sup. Ct. 91, 91, where the Federal Supreme Court very recently said: "Without any doubt it rests with each state to prescribe the jurisdiction of its appellate courts, . . . . . . and the rules of practice to be applied in its exercise; and the state law and practice in this regard are no less applicable when federal rights are in controversy than when the case turns entirely upon questions of local or general law." The syllabus to Willoughby v. Chicago, 235 U.S. 45, states a relevant rule of the Federal Supreme Court thus: "Where [a] constitutional question is obvious from the beginning and, [according to local practice,] is not open in the Supreme Court of the State unless taken on the trial, it cannot be considered here unless it was so taken," citing Hulbert v. Chicago, 202 U.S. 275, 280.
The constitutional question, based on the interstate feature of this case, which is now called to our attention, was not brought before the court below at trial, and it *Page 282 could not have been brought before that tribunal on theonly motion for review there filed, namely, for judgment n. o. v., because, on such a motion, the record must be accepted as it was made at trial, and the court below having correctly taken the position that the case lacked proof of the existence of Corbin Bodine as a corporation at the time of the shipment, defendants would not be entitled, in the absence of this proof, to judgment in their favor on the issues concerning the existence of and the contracting with this alleged corporation, raised by the pleadings; but, on a motion to set aside the judgment, because entered on an incorrect view of the law, and for a new trial, defendants could have urged the court below to afford them an opportunity to put in such proof, and, after they had furnished the required evidence at another trial, to answer the position of that tribunal by pointing, as they do now, to the facts that, though the alleged corporation was not registered at the before-mentioned time, the transaction in controversy was interstate in character, and to contend on the law, as they do now, that, as to this particular transaction, because of its interstate character, no registration was required. In other words, defendants should have placed themselves in a position to contend that the court, for purposes of adjudicating the case, having assumed the existence of a nonregistered corporation, ought to allow them an opportunity to prove that fact and to answer as to the law, that the transaction in question being interstate in character, nonregistration did not have the legal effect which the opinion of the court gave to it. In whatever way the opportunity to do so might have been brought about, this answer, which involves a constitutional question and a theory different from that relied on at trial, should have been made to the trial tribunal in the first instance, instead of to this court.
Appellate tribunals will follow any correct view of law which, on the proved facts, sustains a judgment under attack, whether or not the view urged on appeal *Page 283 was brought to the attention of the court below, but ordinarily, they will reverse only a theory previously presented to the trial court: see State Hospital v. Consolidated Water Co., 267 Pa. 29, 39, and authorities there cited. This does not mean that, where the final decision of a case is based entirely on a wrong theory of law, and the decision itself may be wrong, we will sustain it nevertheless simply because the correct theory was not brought to the attention of the court below; on the contrary, under such circumstances, we usually remit the record so that the point at issue may be passed on by the trial court. What we here mean is that, where it is alleged a mistake of law has been committed in the decision of a case, and the decision is, nevertheless, sustainable on other grounds, we will not consider, as a ground of our decision, a theory of law, to show the mistake of the court below, which was not presented to that tribunal; here, for example, the theory that, since this case involves an interstate shipment, protected by the federal Constitution, the local registration act has no application.
In this instance, while the above rule applies, it is not necessary to rely on it in order to sustain the present judgment, because "No right under the federal Constitution [is] necessarily involved" therein: Hiawassee Co. v. Carolina Co.,252 U.S. 341, 343, 40 Sup. Ct. 331. The substance of defendants' contention is that, on the record as made at trial, the contract in question must be viewed one between plaintiff and the alleged Delaware corporation, and, since the contract was for the sending of goods from one state to another, it must be accounted as involving an interstate transaction; hence, even though the corporation carrying out this transaction had not registered in Pennsylvania, as required by the Act of June 8, 1911, P. L. 710, owing to the constitutional privilege of interstate commerce, it was doing business lawfully in this State, so far as the shipment in controversy is concerned, and therefore defendants assumed no individual *Page 284 liability in acting for that corporation. But this contention is answered by the trial court's second ground of decision, concerning which the opinion in support of judgment for plaintiff states, and states correctly: "In the present case there is no actual proof that, when these defendants received plaintiff's goods for carriage on July 20, 1923, there was in existence any corporation, 'Corbin Bodine,' either foreign or domestic. Not until December 20, 1923 (after the loss of plaintiff's goods), was there filed the application for registration in Pennsylvania of such a corporation [, and this] application recites that the title of the corporation is 'Corbin Bodine,' . . . . . . 'established, organized or chartered under the laws of the State of Delaware,' [but] there is no averment of the date of incorporation, nor is the Delaware charter presented or proven."
True, written evidence, called to our attention by defendants, shows that, in the original New York action, a corporation designated as Corbin Bodine, Inc., was sued by plaintiff; but that suit was instituted and discontinued prior to the instant action and the only explanation we have concerning it is to the effect that a mistake was there made in designating the defendant, which explanation was not denied by the present defendants. Again, the name Corbin Bodine, Inc., appears in both the shipping order and the waybill, but this is not conclusive proof that the individual defendants here named were not transacting business under that title. Finally, the fact, which appears in the evidence and is called to our attention by appellants, that the original conversation leading to the shipping order from plaintiff to Corbin Bodine, was held over the telephone with the New York office of the latter, settles none of the issues at bar.
To offset the above items of evidence depended on by defendants, we have the fact, before noted, that no evidence was offered by them to show the actual existence at the time of the transaction here in question of any such *Page 285 corporation as Corbin Bodine, Inc., and, further, we have the admissions of record of defendants that, whatever the real character of Corbin Bodine was at the time of the shipment, the two persons named as defendants in this suit "as individuals were acting" for that concern and that the shipment was received at Philadelphia through these two individuals.
While the context of the above admissions contains references to the alleged corporation, yet it is evident therefrom that, for some reason defendants' counsel then had in mind, he desired to disassociate in some degree the alleged corporation from the business transaction involved in this case; otherwise, why should he have accentuated the fact that, though the two defendants were officers of the alleged corporation, they acted "for it as individuals" (not as officers), and that the shipments "in Philadelphia" were received "through those two individuals"? Possibly the explanation is this: Defendants thought that their corporation, being unregistered in Pennsylvania, could not lawfully perform the service in suit, but that they, in their individual capacities, might act for it. Be this as it may, we have the admissions of record that defendants acted "as individuals," and that the shipments here involved "were received through these two individuals."
On the record, made up as it is of written evidence and formal admissions, we cannot hold that the court below erred by giving binding instructions for plaintiff or by entering judgment in its favor on the verdict thus rendered, particularly in the absence of proof that the alleged corporation existed at the date of the transaction here involved.
There is one other position of defendants which must be considered. Appellants contend that, even if they "did have a common-law liability, certainly it was not that of a common carrier," and, since the liability was not that of a common carrier, they cannot in effect be treated as insurers of the safe delivery of the goods *Page 286 which they were transporting for hire. Such, however, is not the law of Pennsylvania, where an individual, as well as a corporation, may be held to the liability of a common carrier (Gordon v. Hutchinson, 1 W. S. 285, 286; Smith v. Seward,3 Pa. 342, 345; Fuller v. Bradley, 25 Pa. 120; Lloyd v. Haugh,223 Pa. 148, 154; Com. v. Shepherd, 62 Pa. Super. 102,104); and Corbin and Bodine (who admitted at the trial that "the cigars were stolen and never delivered"), whether viewed as having corporate capacity or otherwise, undoubtedly conducted the business of a common carrier. This is plainly shown by all the evidence in the case.
The judgment is affirmed.
* For discussion of this rule see opinions by MOSCHZISKER, J., in De la Vergne R. M. Co. v. Kolischer, 14 Pa. Dist. 521, and Ind. Brick Co. v. Biddle, 17 Pa. Dist. 1083, 1085; see also Steel Tube Co. v. Riehl, 9 Pa. Super. 220, 225; Osborne v. Florida, 164 U.S. 650; Browning v. Waycross, 233 U.S. 16,22; Star-Chronicle v. United Press Assns., 204 Fed. 217, 222 (appeal refused in 232 U.S. 714); and Elwell v. Adder M. Co.,136 Wis. 82, 116 N.W. 882, 884. See, also, Pa. Act of 1911, P. L. 710, section 4, providing that contracts of unregistered foreign corporations shall not be invalid, but prohibiting suit thereon by any such corporation until certain requirements have been complied with.