We are of opinion that the Declaration of Rights and Privileges, contained in the seventeenth section of the first article of the Constitution, was intended to be carried into effect by legislative regulation, such regulation having for its object to secure to the whole people the benefit of the constitutional declaration, and being necessary for that purpose. In pursuance of this object, the first section of the act, under which this indictment was preferred, provides that no oysters shall be taken from the common fisheries between the fifteenth day of May and the fifteenth day of September; the second section prohibits the taking of quahaugs or clams from Long Bed, West Bed, or from Great Bed, during the same time; the third section provides that no person shall take from any public oyster bed more than three bushels in twenty-four hours, nor plant on a private bed oysters taken from a public *Page 564 bed; and section fourth prohibits the use of dredges in taking oysters. These sections restrict the right of fishery, and it will not be contended that they are unconstitutional. We refer to them to show that legislative restriction is indispensable to secure to the public the benefit of the oyster fishery.
We will consider the exceptions in the order in which they are taken. The first comprehends the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th sections of the act in question. We will consider each of these sections. The 8th provides for the appointment of commissioners and defines in part their duty. If the General Assembly had power to make regulations upon this subject, we think they had power to appoint commissioners to carry those regulations into effect. The 9th and 10th sections provide for the leasing of land covered by the public waters for a private or several oyster ground or fishery, the commissioners taking special care not to include any old oyster bed, which in their opinion can for the greater advantage of the public be used as a free and common oyster fishery. The commissioners are required personally to inspect the land to be leased, and their decision, in granting the lease of an old oyster bed, is conclusive of the fact that such oyster bed can be used more to the public advantage as a private bed under lease than as a public bed. We understand the object of these sections is not the benefit of the lessees of the private bed, but, by holding out motives to them to plant and cultivate oysters, to secure to the public a more abundant supply. In other words, the constitutional right is so regulated as to reserve to the public the greatest benefit. The act also reserves a rent to the State. The 11th and 12th sections are necessary to protect the oyster beds of the lessees, and if the 8th and 9th are *Page 565 valid, these must be also. The 13th section provides for the time when the act shall go into effect. If the act be otherwise unexceptionable, this section is.
The first exception also comprehends the act in amendment and explanatory of the act in question. We see nothing unconstitutional in that act.
We think the ruling of the court, as stated in the second exception, was proper. If the offence had been committed on a private bed, it was immaterial whether or not the place had been used as a common and public fishery for oysters and other shell-fish.
Neither can we sustain the third exception. If the private bed had been a common quahaug fishery, and said fishery had been interrupted, interfered with and destroyed by the planting of the oyster bed, this did not affect the validity of the lease of the oyster bed and the liability of the defendant for taking oysters therefrom.
The remaining exceptions are disposed of in what we have already said.
Exceptions overruled. *Page 566