"And whereas, the existing Constitution provides that either house of the General Assembly may require the opinion of the judges of the Supreme Court upon any question of law, it is therefore hereby
"Resolved, that the said judges of the said Supreme Court be, and they hereby are requested without unnecessary delay to give their opinion to the Senate upon the two questions stated in the preamble hereto, upon which differences of opinion have arisen between the members of this General Assembly. *Page 651
"Resolved, that His Excellency the Governor be, and he hereby is requested to forward copies of the preceding preamble and resolution to each of the judges of the said Supreme Court.
OPINION OF THE COURT.
To the Honorable the Senate of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations:
We received from your Honors on the 24th inst. a resolution requesting our opinion in regard to the legal competency of the General Assembly to call a convention for the revision of the Constitution. In reply we have to say that we are of opinion that the mode provided in the Constitution for the amendment thereof is the only mode in which it can be constitutionally amended. The ordinary rule is that where power is given to do a thing in a particular way, there the affirmative words, marking out the particular way, prohibit all other ways by implication, so that the particular way is the only way in which the power can be legally executed. The rule was recently recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States in Smith v. Stevens, 10 Wall. 321. There by act of Congress lands were ceded to Indians with power to sell them, or parts of them, in a particular manner, and the court held that a sale in any other manner was void. The rule was likewise recently recognized by the English Court of Exchequer in a case in which it was thus expressed: "If authority is given expressly, though by affirmative words, upon a defined condition, the expression of that condition excludes the doing of the act authorized under other circumstances than those so defined:`Expressio unius est exclusio alterius.'" North Stafford Steelc. Co. v. Ward, L.R. 3 Exch. 172, 177. Cases to the same point might be indefinitely multiplied. 1 Kent Comment. *467, note d; 1 Sugden on Powers, 258 et sq.; City of New Haven v.Whitney, 36 Conn. 373; District Township of the City ofDubuque v. The City of Dubuque, 7 Iowa, 262. It has been claimed, indeed, that the rule, though applicable in the interpretation of statutes, deeds, wills, and other ordinary instruments, is inapplicable in the interpretation of a *Page 652 state constitution. Those who assert this difference, however, do not appear to have any reason to give for it but this, namely: that under stress of strong political excitement, the rule, if it exists, is pretty sure to be disregarded, as past experience proves, and therefore it is better to conclude that it does not exist. We do not consider the reason satisfactory. The rule is simply a guide to the meaning of language when used in a particular way, and we do not see why it is not as trustworthy a guide to the meaning when the language so used occurs in a state constitution, as when it occurs in a statute or a will. Men do not put away their spontaneous and habitual modes of expressing themselves merely because they are engaged in the unaccustomed work of framing or adopting a constitution. In this view we are not without precedent. One of the greatest of modern jurists, Chief Justice Shaw, was of the same way of thinking, and, conjointly with his associates, declared it to be his opinion that the Constitution of Massachusetts is constitutionally amendable only as therein provided.1 The provision for amendment in our Constitution is singularly explicit. The proposed amendment is first to pass the two houses of the General Assembly by a majority of the members elected; it is then to be published, with the vote thereon, in the newspapers, and otherwise brought to the attention of the people; it is then to pass the assembly elected after such publication by a majority of both houses; and finally it is to be submitted to the approval of the electors, and if it be approved by three fifths of the electors voting, and not otherwise, it is to become incorporated in the Constitution. Evidently the purpose was to insure the calm and considerate action of both the assembly and the people. It was to pass two assemblies, so that the members of the second, elected after publication, might, if the electors thought proper, be elected specially to consider it. The popular mind was not to be taken by surprise or to be carried away by any sudden sentiment, but it was to act deliberately after reflection. To this end a three fifths vote was required for approval. The object was not to hamper or baffle the popular will, but to insure its full expression. Our ancestors knew, what we all know, that in spite of all precautions a majority may be worked up for an occasion, which is not *Page 653 the true and permanent majority. They also knew, what we all know, that many electors, perfectly satisfied with the existing state of things, stay away from the polls on election day from mere inertness of temperament. It is inconceivable to us, that they would have elaborated so guarded a mode of amendment, unless they had intended to have it exclusive and controlling. They doubtless did so intend, and if they did, we cannot say they did not, simply because since then the constitutions of other states, having similar provisions, have been amended through the medium of conventions. The framers of our Constitution could not foreknow this action in other states, and therefore cannot have been influenced by it. If our Constitution had no provision for amendment, then, indeed, a power in the assembly to call a convention or to initiate amendments in some other manner might be implied ex necessitate. The assembly, under the charter, exercised such a power because the charter had no such provision; though it is proper to remark that under the charter the legislative power of the assembly was practically unlimited. Again, if the provision for amendment was impracticable, there might be, if no legal reason, yet some excuse for disregarding it. But it is practicable, as a successful resort to it in several instances has demonstrated. The only things which can be said against it are that it is dilatory, and that it requires the assent of more than a bare majority. But these are the very things which recommended it to its authors, and therefore they cannot be alleged as reasons for believing that they did not mean it to be exclusive and controlling.
Our Constitution is, by its own express declaration, the supreme law of the State; any law inconsistent with it is void, and, therefore, if the provision which it contains for its own amendment is exclusive, implying a prohibition of amendments in any other manner, then, of course, any act of the assembly providing for a convention to amend the Constitution is unconstitutional and void.
An argument in favor of a convention has been suggested which is not specifically met in the preceding. It is this, namely: that though the General Assembly has no power to introduce amendments and carry them to their consummation in any manner not provided in the Constitution, it nevertheless has power to call a convention to frame a new constitution for submission to the people. *Page 654 The argument is, in our opinion rather specious than sound. The convention, if called, would be confined by the Constitution of the United States to the formation of a constitution for a republican form of government, and our present Constitution contains the fundamental provisions, the great ground plan, of such a form of government as it is known throughout the Union. Any changes which are in contemplation are merely changes of superstructure or detail. Our Constitution, too, contains in its Bill of Rights the great historic safeguards of liberty and property, which certainly no convention would venture either materially to alter or to abolish. Any new constitution, therefore, which a convention would form, would be a new constitution only in name; but would be in fact our present Constitution amended. It is impossible for us to imagine any alteration, consistent with a republican form of government, which cannot be effected by specific amendment as provided in the Constitution.
Again, it has been maintained that the General Assembly has power to call a convention under section 10, of article 4, which provides that "the General Assembly shall continue to exercise the powers they have heretofore exercised, unless prohibited in this Constitution." But, under this section, the General Assembly can only exercise powers which are not prohibited; and, if the provision for amendment is, as we think it is, exclusive, then a power to call a convention is prohibited by implication, and, as was clearly shown in Taylor v. Place, 4 R.I. 324, an implied is as effectual as an express prohibition.
Finally, it has been contended that there is a great unwritten common law of the states, which existed before the Constitution, and which the Constitution was powerless to modify or abolish, under which the people have the right, whenever invited by the General Assembly, and as some maintain, without any invitation, to alter and amend their constitutions. If there be any such law, for there is no record of it, or of any legislation or custom in this State recognizing it, then it is, in our opinion, rather a law, if law it can be called, of revolutionary than of constitutional change. Our Constitution is, as already stated, by its own terms, "the supreme law of the State." We know of no law, except the Constitution and laws of the United States, which is paramount to it. *Page 655
We think the foregoing is in effect, if not in form, an answer to the questions propounded to us in the resolutions. The questions are extremely important, and we should have been glad of an opportunity to give them a more careful study, but under the request of the Senate for our opinion, "without any unnecessary delay," we have thought it to be our duty to return our opinion as soon as we could, without neglecting other duties, prepare it.
THOMAS DURFEE, CHARLES MATTESON, JOHN H. STINESS, P.E. TILLINGHAST, G.M. CARPENTER, JUN.
1 Opinion of the Justices, 6 Cush. 573.