[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 34 December 8, 1921. The opinion of the Court was delivered by A. Morton Hunt died in the City of Charleston on the 1st day of October, 1918, leaving an estate valued at three-quarters of a million dollars, and his will was admitted to probate in common form in Charleston County on the 7th day of August, 1919. Application was made to have the will proved in solemn form, and on the 15th day of October, 1919, J.A. Guerin, the respondent herein, was ordered to prefer the usual petition, which was done. Mr. Hunt left surviving him his widow, Reta Baring Hunt, and his daughter by a former marriage, Florence Goodrich Hunt, these being his sole heirs at law. The heirs at law were duly notified and the daughter, Florence, being a minor, was represented by her guardian ad litem.
At the hearing the plaintiff-respondent produced the subscribing witness to the will, which is as follows: *Page 36
[EDITORS' NOTE: DOCUMENT IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.] *Page 37
[EDITORS' NOTE: DOCUMENT IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.] *Page 38
On the 27th day of February, 1920, the Judge of Probate rendered his decision, holding that the paper introduced was the last will and testament of A. Morton Hunt, and included in the will all the interlineations and alterations appearing on the first page of the will. From this decision both Mrs. Reta Baring Hunt and Miss Hunt, by her guardian ad litem, appealed to the Circuit Court, and on the 31st day of August, 1920, Hon. W.H. Townsend, at Chambers, rendered his decree affirming the judgment of the Probate Court. From this decree the daughter, Florence G. Hunt, alone appealed.
The evidence at the trial showed on the part of the proponent of the will, Dr. J.A. Guerin, that the will was executed at his drug store in the town of Summerville; that the will consisted of two sheets of paper, not fastened; that he and the subscribing witness, Herbert F. Dunning, never saw the first sheet upon which the alterations appear, but that the other subscribing witness, Mrs. Eloise Guerin, saw the first sheet when Dr. Guerin went forward in the store to get Mr. Dunning to come and attest the execution of the will. She testified:
"I saw the front page and there was writing on the top, middle, bottom, and both sides, but I did not read what was written."
The body of the will is typewritten, and the interlineations are in the handwriting of the testator.
Upon the part of Mrs. and Miss Hunt the evidence was that the typewritten portion of the will was prepared for Mr. Hunt some time before its execution, and there was some evidence that there were no interlineations on the will prior to its being taken to the drug store for execution; and, admittedly, no interlineations were made there.
After the execution of the will there is a conflict of testimony as to what took place, Doctor and Mrs. Guerin stating that they returned with Mr. Hunt to his home, and spent the evening with him and his family; Mrs. Hunt and *Page 39 Miss Hunt testifying that Dr. and Mrs. Guerin accompanied Mr. Hunt to the gate, but did not enter, and that Mr. Hunt, upon entering the house, secured pen and ink, and spent some time in writing upon the paper. The paper was turned over to Mrs. Hunt the next morning, when it was in the condition as offered for probate.
In deciding the case as presented, it is deemed proper to consider certain general propositions of law applicable to the alterations of wills.
The alterations of wills differ essentially from the alterations of other papers. In the latter case there is involved the right of alteration, whereas in the case of wills there is no question of the right to alter; a man may change his will as often as he pleases, and in any respect that suits his fancy. The question then to be considered is not that of the right to alter, for that is conceded, but whether such alterations were made in compliance with the requirements of law for the due execution of wills.
What effect, then, have interlineations in a will in the absence of explanations as to when such interlineations were made, where the language of the original will is decipherable? In the case of Pringle v. McPherson, 2 DeSaus, 524, it was held that an alteration in a will after its execution will not revoke it, and in Gardiner v. Gardiner,65 N.H. 230; 19 Atl., 651; 8 L.R.A., 383, the Court said that alterations unexplained do not affect the validity of the will as originally executed; and to the same effect is our case of Means v. Moore, Harp., 314.
When it is evident that alterations have been made in a will, the general presumption of law is that the alterations were made subsequently to the execution of the paper, and are therefore void (Toebbe v.Williams, 80 Ky., 561; Van Buren v. Cockburn, 14 Barb. [N.Y.] 118), and unquestionably the burden of proof rests upon the proponent of the will of showing that such alterations were made prior to execution (Dodge v. Haskell, *Page 40 69 Me., 429; Ely v. Ely, 6 Gray [Mass.] 439; Priestv. Whitacre, 78 Va. 151).
An exception to the general rule that the law presumes alterations in a will to have been made after execution is that, where blanks are left in wills, the filling of the blanks is presumed to have been prior to execution. In the matter of Voorhees, 6 Dem. Sur. (N.Y.) 162. With these propositions of law before us, we come to an application of them to this case.
There are four evident blanks in the typewritten will. The first is in the third paragraph, where the amount left to his wife, Reta Baring Hunt, is left blank, and is filled in by the sum of $50,000. The next one is in the fourth paragraph, where a gift is made to some one for an unknown amount, and is filled by the name of Eloise Guerin, and the amount is fixed at $5,000; and the last blank is in the last paragraph, where the name of the executor is left blank, and is filled by the name of J.A. Guerin.
Under the law as set out, all of these interlineations, or filling of blanks, are presumed to have occurred prior to the execution of the paper. The other alterations at law are presumed to have been made subsequently to the execution of the will, and are therefore void unless satisfactorily shown by the evidence to have been made before.
The testimony relied on by the respondent to sustain the contention that the presumption of the law as to these alterations is overcome consists entirely in the evidence of Mrs. Guerin, together with such deductions as may be proper to draw from the paper itself.
The testimony introduced by the proponent and the contestants upon this was somewhat, though not necessarily, contradictory; and, were it not for the finding of the Probate and Circuit Courts that the testimony offered by the proponent was to be accepted, it might be that the findings of fact heretofore reached could well be held to be erroneous. *Page 41
The testimony of Mrs. Guerin upon these alterations was as follows:
"I saw the front page, and there was writing on the top, middle, bottom, and both sides, but I did not read what was written. It was under a strong electric light. The paper in evidence looks like the one I saw that night. I noticed the first page very carefully, and it made an impression on me that it had writing on all sides."
It is upon this evidence that the Circuit Court rests its finding that all the alterations appearing upon the paper were put there by the testator prior to the execution of the will and are therefore valid portions of it. And in this connection it is strongly urged by counsel for the respondent that the sole question before this Court is a question of fact, and not of law, and that under Section 62, Vol. 2, of the Code this Court has jurisdiction only of questions of law.
If the question before the Court is a question of fact, as this is a law case, then the only thing for the Court to do is to affirm the judgment below. It is not free from difficulty, and has been considered carefully, not only on account of the effect of the rule to be announced, but also because of the grave interest to the litigants in the large sum involved.
It may be premised that, where there is no conflict in testimony, or where there is no evidence upon a material matter, the question presented is one of law and not of fact. If, however, the evidence is contradictory, then the question is ordinarily one of fact, and not of law.
There can be no question that an attesting witness must be prepared to attest not only the mere fact of signature, but, in the presence of evident alterations, that the paper produced was the paper executed, and that the condition it is in when produced was its condition when executed. If this is not done, then the presumption *Page 42 of law comes in rejecting the alterations and sustaining the will as originally drawn, unless such alterations as matter of law may be presumed to have been made prior to execution.
Mrs. Guerin's testimony is found to be true both by the Probate Court and the Circuit Court, and, as far as the facts there stated are concerned, are not reviewable by this Court. Her statement was that there was writing "on the top, middle, bottom, and both sides." What do these facts portend? The alterations on the right side of the first page, at the top of the page, at the left of the page (but it does not appear which entry to the left was seen, as there are two separate alterations on the left margin, the existence of either of which would have given full credence to the testimony of Mrs. Guerin; however, this becomes unimportant in this case by reason of the admission of counsel for protestant, not contesting these alterations) and the alteration at the bottom as follows:
"I also ask Florence to give J.A. Guerin five thousand dollars for his services as guardian."
This is as far as the testimony of Mrs. Guerin goes. The contest before the Court is over the alteration at the end of the fifth paragraph as follows:
"This not to be given her till she is 30 years of age. She may be given interest from 21st year of her age."
This alteration is not at the top, either side or bottom. Between this alteration and the bottom there are two other alterations; the one appointing J.A. Guerin executor, and the one requesting his daughter to give J.A. Guerin $5,000 for his services as guardian. Nor can this alteration be said to have fallen into the writing seen by Mrs. Guerin in the middle of the page, because here again there are other alterations that more closely correspond with the testimony of the witness, the entry of "Fifty thousand ($50,000)" in the first blank, and also the writing "Eloise Guerin" and "Five thousand" in the second and third *Page 43 blanks. There is no visible connection between the testimony of Mrs. Guerin and the fact found. There is no evidence that the alteration added at the end of paragraph 5 was made prior to the execution of the will. Giving the statement of Mrs. Guerin full credit, no language used by her identifies this alteration as existent at the time she saw the paper just before the execution. It is to be remembered that she only saw the paper for a brief period, and she read none of the alterations; she only saw handwriting. She cannot therefore identify any alteration except as stated by her. To hold that this alteration comes within the language used as to writing at the "bottom" or "middle" is to presume a fact in order to override a presumption of law.
The absence of any evidence upon a material matter — and the alteration here is material — presents a question of law, and not of fact.
It was urged by counsel for the respondent that this alteration was necessary from the language of the paragraph showing that something was to be added. The question presented is perplexing. It is doubtless true that there may be alterations in a will that the law presumes to have been made before the execution other than the filling of blanks. In the alterations allowed here by presumption of law were the ones filling in the blanks. The first, the insertion of $50,000 in the blank sum to be given his wife. In the second blank, where a name was evidently to be filled in, by the name of Mrs. Guerin, and in the blank for the amount by the sum of $5,000, and in the fourth alteration, where the name of the executor was left blank, by the insertion of the name of J.A. Guerin. But in the alteration under consideration there was no blank left in the will as prepared, as was the case in each of the other instances, and the paragraph ended in a period, so the alteration became an addition, and not the filling in of a blank which was necessary in order to give meaning *Page 44 to the paragraph. Not that this in itself would be sufficient to necessarily reject the alteration, but in this case the addition was antagonistic to the typewritten portion. The typewritten paragraph bequeathed the residue of his estate to his daughter, "her heirs and assigns absolutely and forever"; then comes the alteration that this was not to be given to her until she was 30 years old, though she could have the interest thereon when she became 21 years of age.
In behalf of such an alteration there is no presumption of law that it was made prior to execution of the will, and it falls within the rule that alterations are presumed to have been made after the execution of the will; and, as there is no evidence that this alteration was in fact made prior to the execution of the will, it follows that it must be held to be no part of the will.
I am of opinion that the paper offered for probate as the last will and testament of A. Morton Hunt was his last will and testament, and that alterations appearing thereon as handwriting in the typewritten will made in filling the blanks were made prior to execution of the will, as were also the alterations made upon the sides, top. and bottom of the first page, but that the alteration made at the end of the fifth paragraph is not a portion of the will.
The judgment appealed from should accordingly be modified, and it is so ordered.