January 26, 1928. The opinion of the Court was delivered by Appeal from an order of his Honor, Judge Grimball, overruling a demurrer to the complaint and refusing a motion for an order requiring the complaint to be made more definite and certain.
The action is to recover from the directors of the closed People's Bank of Anderson balances due by it, as trustee of Davis Fant, $4,035.69, and as trustee of Prue Fant, $1,089.12, with interest. The ground of liability claimed is irregularities in loans made by authority of the Board of Directors to Lee G. Holleman, then president of the Bank, of the funds of said trust estates. *Page 268
The controversy may be understood from the following facts alleged in the complaint, which for the purposes of the demurrer, may be assumed to be true:
In 1902 O.H.P. Fant died, leaving a will which has been duly admitted to probate in Anderson County; he devised certain property to his executor, Handy Fant, in trust for his two sons, Davis Fant and Prue Fant; Handy Fant died and W.C. Fant qualified as his executor; upon the death of Handy Fant, executor of O.H.P. Fant's will, and trustee of Davis Fant and Prue Fant, the People's Bank was appointed administrator de bonis non cum testamento annexo of the will of O.H.P. Fant, on July 16, 1919, succeeding in said capacity to all the liabilities of Handy Fant, both as executor and as trustee of Davis Fant and Prue Fant, under the will of O.H.P. Fant; after the death of Handy Fant, the qualification of W.C. Fant as executor of his will, and the appointment of the People's Bank as administrator and trustee under the will of O.H.P. Fant, after July 16, 1919, and before May 3, 1921 (the date not appearing in the complaint), the People's Bank received from W.C. Fant, executor of the will of Handy Fant, money, bank stock, mill stock, etc., aggregating $10,000.00, as substituted trustee of Davis Fant, and money, stocks, etc., aggregating $3,600.00 as substituted trustee of Prue Fant; on January 5, 1923, the People's Bank was placed in the hands of the State Bank Examiner for liquidation as an insolvent bank; on August 25, 1924, by order of Court, the People's Bank, in its capacity as administrator and trustee under the will of O.H.P. Fant, was removed, and on August 26, 1924, the plaintiffs, Bertha A. Fant and Harriet M. Fant, were appointed and qualified as administratrices and trustees under said will, successors of the People's Bank; the plaintiffs have received upon account $1,529.31 as trustees of Davis Fant, and $412.88 as trustees of Prue *Page 269 Fant, out of the sale of certain real estate pledged by Lee G. Holleman, leaving a balance of $4,035.69 due the trust estate of Davis Fant, and $1,087.12 due the trust estate of Prue Fant, with interest, we assume, from the date of the sale, January ____, 1926.
The defendants interposed a demurrer to the complaint upon the several grounds stated, and also gave notice of a motion for an order requiring the plaintiffs to make the complaint more definite and certain by stating the causes of action separately.
The demurrer was overruled and the motion was refused in a short formal order by his Honor, Judge Grimball, and from it the defendants have appealed upon grounds stated in the exceptions.
In the view which we take of the fourth ground of demurrer, it will not be necessary to consider any other than the first exception, nor do we think it necessary to detail the grounds upon which the plaintiffs' alleged cause or causes of action are based, or to discuss the motion.
The fourth ground of the demurrer charges an improper joinder of two separate and distinct causes of action; one by the plaintiffs as trustees of Davis Fant, and the other by them as trustees of Prue Fant, against the directors of the People's Bank, for alleged misconduct in connection with a loan out of the trust funds of the separate trust estates, in each instance a tort which resulted in a loss to the estate.
If nothing else appeared in the complaint than the allegation that O.H.P. Fant devised certain property to his executor as trustee of his two sons, Davis Fant and Prue Fant, there would be something in the contention that the trust was a single trust, the beneficiaries being jointly interested therein, but there are many allegations in the complaint inconsistent with this theory; in fact, which definitely dispel it, and make it sure that a certain interest was devised *Page 270 in trust for each of them, in which the other was not at all concerned.
In the second paragraph of the complaint the interests are referred to as trust estates, and the beneficiaries, asseveral; in the fourth paragraph it is alleged that the Bank received, for the interest of the beneficiaries, respectively, from the executor of the former trustee, "moneys, bank stock, mill stock, etc., in the aggregate of $10,000, for A.Davis Fant, and moneys, mill stock, etc., in the aggregate of$3,600, for T. Prue Fant"; in the fifth paragraph, it is alleged that Holleman, president, "borrowed funds from the Bank from the trust funds aforesaid"; in the eighth paragraph it is alleged that by authority of the resolution of the directors of May 3, 1921, Holleman borrowed from the Bank "the trust fund held by said bank for T.P. Fant thesum of $1,500 and from the bank the trust fund held bysaid bank for A. Davis Fant, the sum of $5,565"; in the ninth paragraph it is alleged "that out of the proceeds of said land, plaintiffs, as administratrices and as trustees as heretofore alleged, received for A. Davis Fant the sum of $1,529.30, and for T.P. Fant the sum of $412.88, leaving a balance due for A. Davis Fant of $4,035.69, and a balancefor T. Prue Fant, of $1,087.12, to which extent, respectively, the trust estates and the plaintiffs, as administratrices and trustees, have been damaged; in the eleventh paragraph it is alleged that the Bank had been removed as trustee of the alleged trust estates, and that the plaintiffs have qualified as trustees of said trust estates "of T.P. Fant and A. Davis Fant, respectively"; in the thirteenth paragraph it is alleged that the defendants in certain detailed particulars breached their trust and wilfully and negligently caused a loss to said trust estates in the sum of $1,089.12 for T.P. Fant and in the sum of $4,035.69 for A.D. Fant."
It appears that the plaintiffs went as far as they could have gone in demonstrating that the trust estates were separate *Page 271 and distinct, and that neither beneficiary was at all interested in the estate of the other.
The tort complained of is detailed in the thirteenth paragraph of the complaint, to which reference may be had. It may have produced injury to many, each of whom would have a distinct and separate cause of action in the absence of a community of interest of two or more.
The rule is thus stated in Pomeroy's Remedies, § 231, quoted in Hellams v. Switzer, 24 S.C. 39:
"Where a personal tort has been done to a number of individuals, but no joint interest has been suffered and no joint damages sustained in consequence thereof, the interest and right are necessarily several, and each of the injured must maintain a separate action for his own personal redress. * * * In order that a joint action may be possible, there must be some prior bond of legal union between the persons injured, such as a partnership relation, of such nature that the tort interferes with it, and by virtue of that very interference produces a wrong and consequent damage common to all.
At Section 184 and 189, it is said:
"Persons jointly entitled, or having a joint legal interest in the property or other rights affected by a tort, must join in actions brought to recover damages therefor. On the other hand, when the interest and right and the damages are both several, each person who has suffered the wrong must sue separately."
In Hellams v. Switzer, 24 S.C. 39, the Court quotes with approval the following from the case of Rhoads v.Booth, 14 Iowa, 576:
"The principle underlying is, that it is not the act, but the consequences which are looked at. Thus, if two persons are injured by the same stroke, the act is one, but it is the consequences of that act, and not the act itself, which is redressed; and, therefore, the injury is several. There cannot *Page 272 be a joint action, because one does not share in the suffering of the other."
In Griffin v. R. Co., 65 S.C. 122; 43 S.E., 445, the Court said:
"When several persons are injured by the same wrongful act their causes of action are separate and distinct [citingHellams v. Switzer, 24 S.C. 39]."
The will of O.H.P. Fant created two separate and distinct trusts, one in favor of one son and the other in favor of the other. The fact that Handy Fant, the executor, was made trustee of both estates is accidental and in no wise affected the separate existence and character of the trusts. The same result followed as if separate trustees had been appointed. It follows that the plaintiffs as trustees of Davis Fant and Prue Fant, respectively, were entitled and were under obligation to bring separate suits based upon the tort complained of.
It may be contended, and we must admit that under the case of Hellams v. Switzer, 24 S.C. 39, there is some ground for the contention, that conceding that the complaint contains two causes of action which could properly be united in the same complaint, the remedy of the defendants was a motion for an order to require them to be separately stated, and not a demurrer for misjoinder of causes of action.
It appears audacious to criticize a decision of the Court composed of that great triumvirate Simpson, McIver, and McGowan, but when it may be pointed out that in it the Court overlooked a most vital distinction, the audacity may be condoned.
In the case of Hellams v. Switzer, a number of riparian proprietors of lands lying on a stream united in a single action to recover damages from the defendant arising from the construction of a dam across said stream, whereby the lands of the plaintiffs were overflowed. It was distinctly *Page 273 alleged in the complaint that each of the plaintiffs owned a particular tract of land; the separate ownership of the different parcels was clearly stated; but, the Court held, as the allegation was made jointly in the same paragraph, stating one cause of action, as if the plaintiffs were tenants in common of all the different tracts and claiming for all together damages in solido, without indicating what part of the common damage was the share of the respective plaintiffs, the demurrer for misjoinder of causes of action could not be sustained.
It is difficult to follow the argument that the plaintiffs might be considered as suing as tenants in common of the several tracts, in the face of the allegation of separate ownership. It is clear that the plaintiffs attempted to set up a cause of action in each one of them for the damage done to his particular tract — causes of action which could not be joined in one action — and that the demurrer for misjoinder should have been sustained.
The Court says:
"The plaintiffs having made no effort to state, perfectly or imperfectly, several causes of action, but all having joined in one, it seems to us that this is not a case for the application of the rules which govern the joinder of actions, butrather those which apply to the joinder of parties."
It is well settled that a demurrer for misjoinder of parties will not lie. Wright v. Willoughby, 79 S.C. 438;60 S.E., 971. A demurrer for defect of parties will lie, but not for a multiplicity.
In fact, the reasoning of the Court upon the second ground of demurrer, that the complaint did not state facts, etc., seems conclusive that the demurrer for misjoinder of causes of action should have been sustained. See Hair v.Portland Co., 138 S.C. 475; 136 S.E., 743.
The distinction, as we understand it, is this: Where a complaint contains more than one cause of action which *Page 274 could properly be united in the same complaint, but which, contrary to the rule, have not been separately stated, the remedy of the defendant is not a demurrer, but a motion for an order to require such separate statement; and, of course, when complied with, the complaint would not be subject to a demurrer for misjoinder, assuming that the causes of action could have been properly united.
But where a complaint contains causes of action which could not properly be united, whether separately stated or not, it is subject to a demurrer for misjoinder of causes of action. The defendant is not required to compel a separate statement and then demur. The law does not require such a useless circumambulation.
"If a complaint contains several causes of action which are improperly united, the omission to state the causes of action in separate counts properly numbered will not deprive defendant of the right to demur." 31 Cyc., 292.
In Bliss, Code Pl., § 412, it is said:
"* * * It does not matter whether causes so improperly united are separately stated or not; the omission to state them in separate counts does not deprive the defendant of the right to demur."
To the same effect are Goldberg v. Utley, 60 N.Y., 427, and Wiles v. Suydam, 64 N.Y., 174.
But even if the ruling in Hellams v. Switzer, upon the demurrer for misjoinder of causes of action should be approved, the distinction between that case and the one at bar is clear. There it was held that the complaint stated a single cause of action for the reason that it did not indicate "what part of the common damage was the share of the plaintiffs', respectively"; while in the case at bar the trust estates were treated as separate estates, and the particular damage to each was detailed and claimed.
Again, if the ruling referred to should still be sustained, the Hellams case is conclusive upon the demurrer on the *Page 275 ground that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, in that no joint interest in the beneficiaries has been shown; on the contrary, the complaint shows that the interests are not joint, but separate and distinct.
Even if the demurrer upon both grounds must fail, the defendants were entitled to an order requiring that the causes of action be separately stated. That the refusal of their motion in this regard is appealable appears settled by the case of Matheson v. American Co., 125 S.C. 297;118 S.E., 617, and cases cited therein.
The judgment of this Court is that the order appealed from be reversed, and that the case be remanded to the Circuit Court with leave to the plaintiffs to amend their complaint by striking out one of the alleged causes of action, and to proceed by a separate action upon the other.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WATTS and MESSRS. JUSTICES BLEASE, STABLER, and CARTER concur.