June 13, 1923. The opinion of the Court was delivered by Action for partition of a tract of land containing 153 acres, which formerly belonged to one William Cave. The plaintiffs are the children and grandchildren of John W. Bradley, who was a grandson of William Cave. The defendant is a daughter of John W. Bradley by a second wife, Julia R. Bradley, and is her only child. There were several children of John W. Bradley by his first wife, who with their representatives in interest, are the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs claim as tenants in common with the defendant of *Page 72 the land in question, they being entitled to seven-eighths and the defendant to one-eighth, under the will of William Cave, dated May 11, 1849, and probated in Barnwell County, November 16, 1855.
STATEMENT OF FACTS The following facts appear to be undisputed:
The will of William Cave contains a devise of all of the testator's real estate to his executors, in trust for certain grandchildren named, among whom was John W. Bradley, to be equally divided among them, and, upon the death of any such, to the child or children then alive, with the power to sell for division and investment upon similar terms. In 1856, the year after the death of William Cave and the probate of his will, a proceeding for the partition of his real estate was instituted by the parties interested, which resulted in a decree by Chancellor Johnstone, dated February 12, 1856, confirming the report of the commissioners in partition, which allotted to John W. Bradley the 153-acre tract in controversy, "in subjection to the limitation of the last will and testament of William Cave." By this decree there was also allotted to John W. Bradley another tract of land containing 237 acres, upon the same limitations; it is not involved at all in this litigation.
The estate of William Cave remained in process of settlement up to the year 1861. At that time a bill for accounting by the executors was instituted in the Court of Equity. As appears from the order of reference, the referee's report, and the decree, which are the only papers connected with the action which have been found, that action was entitled"Robert Bradley et al. v. M.J. Cave and J.M. Cave, Executors,et al." In the referee's report he states the accounts of the various parties, and finds that John W. Bradley was indebted to the executors in the sum of $2,064.84; that the executors had on hand $570.89 for which John W. Bradley was entitled to credit; he therefore recommended that John *Page 73 W. Bradley be required to pay to the executors the difference, $1,493.95, and that the 153-acre tract, in which, under the will John W. Bradley had only a life estate, be vested in him in fee simple. On April 23, 1861, Chancellor Inglis signed a decree confirming the referee's report. He decreed that John W. Bradley pay the sum ascertained, and "that the 153 acres of land vested in John W. Bradley by the order made in the cause of Robert Bradley, et al. v. Marion Caveet al., dated 12th of February, 1856, and the 86 1/2 acres vested in Robert Bradley by the said order, be vested in them in fee simple." The fragmentary record of this proceeding does not affirmatively show that the children of John W. Bradley, who at that time were aged 12, 10, 8, 5, and 3 years, were parties defendant thereto.
It appears that immediately after the decree of Chancellor Johnstone in the partition proceeding of 1856 was signed, John W. Bradley went into possession of the 153-acre tract, holding it, as provided in the decree, as a life tenant, with remainder over to such of his children as might be alive at his death. John W. Bradley died in 1875, intestate, and his son William H. Bradley was appointed and qualified as administrator of his estate.
In 1877 William H. Bradley, as administrator of the estate of John W. Bradley, instituted an action in the Court of Probate of Barnwell County for the sale of the real estate of John W. Bradley, in aid of the personalty, to pay debts. The widow and the eight children of John W. Bradley were made parties defendant, and were all legally served with summons. At that time three of the children were of age; William H., 28, Elizabeth, 26, and Martha, 24. The others, J.R., 20, B.F., 19, Carolyn, 16, Mary, 12, and Bell, 6, appeared by guardian ad litem who answered denying knowledge of the matters set forth in the complaint claiming such interest in the premises as the children might be entitled to, and submitting their rights and interests to the protection of the Court, The complaint in that proceeding alleged that *Page 74 at the time of his death John W. Bradley was "seized in fee simple" of the 153-acre tract, describing it. It does not appear that there were any answers filed or served by any of the parties except the minor defendants, by guardian adlitem.
On March 20, 1877, the Probate Judge granted a decree of sale in conformity with the prayer of the complaint. Before the sale took place the widow, Julia R. Bradley, claimed and was duly assigned dower; 33 acres of the 153 were surveyed and allotted to her under regular proceedings, which were confirmed on November 10, 1877. The sale was ordered for December 3, 1877, the dower of Mrs. Bradley, a life estate in the 33 acres allotted to her, being excepted by the order of sale. The sale was duly advertised, and had on December 3, 1877, at which the property was bid off by Mrs. Bradley at $115. She complied with the terms of sale, and on December 4, 1877, received from the Probate Judge a conveyance in fee simple of the 153 acres, "subject to and saving the life estate of Julia R. Bradley in 33 acres of land, parcel of the above-described tract," describing it. The deed was recorded December 31, 1877.
It appears that Mrs. Bradley continued in possession of the property, some of her stepchildren and her own child living with her for a while and at various times, until her death in 1910. After her death the defendant, Mrs. Calhoun, appears to have been in possession, claiming the property as sole heir-at-law of her mother, through the deed of the Probate Judge.
From the date of the deed of the Probate Judge in 1877 to the date of her death in 1910 it appears that Mrs. Bradley continued in possession of the property 33 years, treating it as her own, and without claim or objection on the part of any of the children of John W. Bradley, three of whom were of age at the time of the sale, one of them, as administrator, having instituted the action which resulted in her acquisition of a fee simple deed, under an allegation in the complaint *Page 75 that the property belonged in fee simple to John W. Bradley, the other two who were of age making default, and the five minor children appearing by guardian ad litem.
STATEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS In November, 1916, the plaintiffs, the children of John W. Bradley by his first marriage, together with the children of certain ones who had died, instituted the present action against the defendant, a daughter by the second marriage, for partition of the 153 acres. The defendant interposed several defenses: (1) Res adjudicata by reason of the Inglis decree of 1861; (2) adverse possession; (3) presumption of a grant; (4) Statute of Limitations; (5) resadjudicata by reason of the Probate Court proceedings. The case came on for trial before Circuit Judge Bowman and a jury in February, 1920, the issue submitted to the jury being the legal issue of title; this stipulation having been entered into by counsel, as appears in the record:
"By stipulation of counsel all equitable issues raised in the case were reserved until the issue of title was adjudicated."
At the conclusion of all of the evidence in the trial of the legal issue of title before Judge Bowman, he directed a verdict in favor of the defendant. Exactly upon what grounds does not distinctly appear in the record of the present appeal. The plaintiffs appealed from the order of Judge Bowman directing a verdict in favor of the defendant, and this Court (116 S.C. 7; 106 S.E., 843), entered the following judgment:
"Judgment reversed, and a new trial granted."
The opinion appears to proceed upon the assumption, which will be taken as well founded, that the order directing a verdict was based upon the three grounds:
(1) That the plaintiffs were concluded by the Johnstone and Inglis decrees, as res adjudicata. *Page 76
(2) That the defendant's defense of adverse possession, presumption of a grant, and the Statute of Limitations was sustained.
(3) That the proceedings in the Probate Court wereres adjudicata upon the question of the fee simple title in John W. Bradley.
As to the admissibility and effect of the Johnstone and Inglis decrees, the Court said:
"We do not see any error on the part of his Honor in admitting in evidence for what it was worth the record, in so far as the tract of land, the subject of this controversy, is concerned. But after they were admitted in evidence his Honor should have submitted the question as to whether they were parties or not to these proceedings. * * * As we have said before, the records or parts of them produced and where they come from should be admitted in evidence for what they are worth, but the question should have been submitted to the jury as to whether or not these appellants' rights had been adjudicated by the Johnstone and Inglis decrees, or whether, notwithstanding these decrees, they are to be entitled to assert their rights as remaindermen under the will of William Cave."
This is interpreted to mean that the records were admissible in evidence, but that it was a question of fact whether or not the plaintiffs were parties to those proceedings, and that for this reason the motion for a directed verdict in favor of the defendant should not have been sustained upon this ground.
as to the second ground upon which the motion may have been granted, that the defense of adverse possession, presumption of a grant, and the Statute of Limitations had been sustained, the Court said:
"All questions of ouster, adverse possession, the minorities of the appellants, affecting the different periods of possession, whether of adverse possession, Statute of Limitations, *Page 77 or presumption of grant, are disputed questions, and should be submitted to the jury."
As to the third ground upon which the motion may have been granted, that the Probate Court proceedings were resadjudicata, the Court said:
"If John W. Bradley only had a life estate in the land, nothing else was sold, and his widow only purchased and acquired such title as he had."
In effect that those proceedings were not res adjudicata of the fact alleged in the complaint that John W. Bradley had the fee simple title to this land.
In connection with this matter the Court further held:
"If it should turn out the fee was in him, then she pur chased that; but there is testimony in the case that John W. Bradley frequently asserted that he had only a life estate, and that his widow knew that, and should be charged with that notice when she purchased at Probate Court's sale."
The judgment of the Circuit Court, based upon the direction of a verdict in favor of the defendant, was reversed by this Court, and the case was remanded to the Circuit Court for a new trial upon the issue of legal title. The case then came on for trial a second time before Circuit Judge Shipp and a jury in September, 1921. The evidence was practically the same as on the first trial, the substance of which is given above. At the close of all of the evidence the plaintiffs moved for a directed verdict in their favor, the effect of which would have been to declare the legal title to seven-eighths undivided interest in the property to be vested in the plaintiffs and one-eighth in the defendant. The motion was made upon the several grounds hereinafter set forth. The motion for a directed verdict was refused, the presiding Judge ruling:
"The Supreme Court ruled on this case before, and the Judge directed a verdict here, and when it went to the Supreme Court they sent it back, and said certain things must be submitted to the jury — that is, the Statute of Limitations, *Page 78 and ouster, and presumption of a grant — and I do not see how I can get around that, because, even if she did not have a title under the decree, she might have had a color of title. If Mrs. Bradley did not buy anything from the Probate Court, if she got a deed to the land in question, she got what we call a color of title — that is anything that is color of title may be a letter or a plat — and she went in and held it adversely, while it might not have been a good title at first, yet I think I ought to submit this case to the jury."
The case was then submitted to the jury, apparently without requests to charge, under a charge of the Court to which no exceptions have been entered. The jury found a verdict in favor of the defendant for the land in dispute, and from the judgment entered thereon the plaintiffs have appealed.
The main question raised by the exceptions is alleged error in refusing the plaintiffs motion for a directed verdict. As counsel for the appellants state, "All other questions presented by the exceptions are merely incidental thereto." In view of this statement, and of the fact that the other exceptions have not been argued, we will confine our consideration to the main question suggested.
OPINION The several grounds of the motion will now be considered.
1. That the land under the will of William Cave was vested in trustees for the benefit of John W. Bradley for life, remainder to such children as he left living, and that, under the partition proceedings to which the executors, as trustees, were parties, the decree of Chancellor Johnstone vested the title in John W. Bradley for life, remainder to his children, as stated.
The correctness of the appellants' position in this respect is not contested by the respondent.
2. That, as the plaintiffs and the defendant claimed from a common source of title, William Cave, and this Court, *Page 79 upon the former appeal, decided that the deed of the Probate Court under which Julia R. Bradley claimed title, conveyed only the interest of John W. Bradley, which was a life estate, the title of the plaintiffs is paramount to that of the defendant.
This position of the appellants is likewise beyond controversy, subject, of course, to the contentions of the defendant as to adverse possession, presumption of a grant, and the Statute of Limitations.
3. That the plaintiffs, not having been made parties to the proceeding which resulted in the Inglis decree of 1861, which purported to vest the fee simple title in John W. Bradley, in violation of the terms of the will of William Cave and the decree of Chancellor Johnston in 1856, were not bound by that decree, which could not have the effect of divesting their estate in remainder.
In the opinion of Mr. Justice Watts upon this appeal he says:
"As to the question arising out of the construction of the decrees in the former appeal, the Court meant by the language used that the decrees were to be received in evidence for what they were worth, and in the new trial, if the defendant might succeed in some manner to connect the appellants with the decrees by any competent facts, circumstances, or testimony, then the matter should be submitted to the jury, but, if all that appeared upon the trial were the decrees, with no sufficient connecting links, then the general rule that the Court must construe the written instrument, would apply. In this case no connecting link was supplied, and on the motion for a directed verdict it was the duty of Judge Shipp to construe the decrees upon the face of the decrees themselves, and no other inference can be drawn than that the remaindermen were not parties to the Inglis proceeding, and in no manner bound thereby."
His interpretation of the former opinion is adopted, and, there being no evidence in the case tending to show that the *Page 80 plaintiffs were made parties to that proceeding, the Circuit Judge would have been justified in sustaining the appellants' position, as above indicated, in this ground of the motion.
4. That Julia R. Bradley, when she purchased at the Probate sale, had knowledge that the land was trust property under the William Cave will; that she thereby stood in the shoes of the trustees, and, having thus become a quasi trustee of the remainderman, she could not plead adverse possession, or the presumption of a grant, or laches, or any doctrine that would deprive them of their legal rights as remaindermen.
It is evident that, when the partition proceedings of 1856 culminated in the decree of Chancellor Johnstone, there was an end of the trust created by the will in the executors in favor of John W. Bradley for life, with remainder to his children, and that from that time John W. Bradley held the legal title as a life estate with remainders as stated. The counsel for the appellants correctly state the effect of that proceeding in their motion for a directed verdict as follows:
"Under the will of William Cave, the executors had the right to partition the land, and they did it under the direction of the Court in the Job Johnstone decree, and, when that was done, as far as they were concerned, all authority as to who had the property in question was at an end."
Counsel confirm this position in their argument upon a rehearing of this appeal:
"The undisputed testimony shows that John W. Bradley went into possession four or five years before the Inglis decree, which was dated in 1861; that he went into possession about 1856, under the William Cave will, and under the Job Johnstone decree of 1856, which made him a life tenant with remainder over to his children."
If the trust was at an end, there was no longer any trustee into whose shoes Julia R. Bradley could be placed, and no objection can arise to the right of defendant to claim the protection of the defenses stated, so far as the holders of *Page 81 the legal title are concerned; a matter not covered by this ground of the motion.
It will be observed that the appellants in their exception urge error in the refusal of their motion upon a ground not taken upon the motion. The motion was based upon the ground that Mrs. Bradley, at the time she purchased the land, had notice that the land was trust property under the Cave will. In their exception, while still relying upon this ground, they urge a ground, not entirely consistent with that ground, namely, that she knew that it was the property of her step-children. We have endeavored to show that she could not have known that it was at that time trust property, for the reason that the trust had been discharged by the partition proceedings of 1856, so admitted by the appellants. But, assuming that the appellants can now rely upon the added ground that she knew that the legal title was in the step-children and her own child, under the former decision of this case that necessarily raised a question of fact which the Circuit Judge could not have decided upon the motion to direct a verdict. The Court said:
"But there is testimony in the case that John W. Bradley, frequently asserted that he had only a life estate, and that his window knew that, and should be charged with that notice when she purchased at Probate Court's sale."
The Court evidently did not intend to decide as matters of fact that this testimony was true, and that as a result she was charged with that notice, but that, if they were true, that conclusion followed. This view is strengthened by the further statement in the opinion that —
"All questions of * * * adverse possession * * * are disputed questions, and should be submitted to a jury."
Certainly these were questions of fact intimately affecting the question of adverse possession, and were properly submitted to the jury.
5. That when Julia R. Bradley purchased the land at Probate sale she occupied, as stepmother of the plaintiffs, a *Page 82 quasi parental relation, and for that reason should not be allowed to claim the deed which she received as color of title, upon which to mount adverse possession or presumption of a grant, until and unless she gave, not ordinary notice of ouster, but unequivocal notice that she claimed under the probate title, which notice she failed to give.
The principle is just and well-established that, where one's possession was begun in privity with or in subservience to the title of another, a quasi fiduciary relation is established, and before a foundation can be laid for the operations of the Statute of Limitations or the defense of adverse possession by the acquisition of an outstanding title, a clear, positive, and continued disclaimer of the title under which he entered and the assertion of an adverse claim must be brought home to the other party. Until the trust is openly repudiated, the cestui que trust may rely upon the integrity of the trustee without endangering his right by lapse of time.
It will be noted that the very important element of knowledge on the part of Mrs. Bradley of the claims of the children is omitted in the statement of this particular ground. Clearly the ground is not tenable without this essential element. But, assuming that it included this element, the principle contended for cannot be invoked unless it appears that no other reasonable inference can be drawn from the evidence than that at the time Mrs. Bradley acquired the adverse title she occupied a position of privity with the children, or entered in subservience to their title.
Assuming, what has been decided, that the Inglis decree was invalid so far as transmuting John W. Bradley's life estate into a fee simple, when John W. Bradley died in 1875, his interest, a life estate, was extinguished; the fee simple title which was vested in the children by the Case will and the Johnstone decree became united with the right of possession in them, a clear, legal estate, in which Julia R. Bradley had no interest whatever; her possession after that *Page 83 time was in no sense in privity with the children, but adverse. If she had had an interest as tenant in common with the children, as an heir-at-law of John W. Bradley, the case ofHulvey v. Hulvey, 92 Va., 182; 23 S.E., 233, would have been of great force.
We know of no authority, and none has been cited, deciding that the simple relation of a stepmother to her stepchildren creates a trust relation which prevents her from acquiring an interest in property adverse to them. Counsel for appellants apparently realizing that something more than the bare relation of the parties must appear, have attempted to sustain this ground by copious extracts from the evidence tending to show that John W. Bradley recognized his holding as a life estate only, and that Mrs. Bradley knew of it and acted upon that theory. However persuasive the evidence may be as to these matters, it still presented an issue for the jury. There was therefore no error on the part of the Circuit Judge in refusing the motion for a directed verdict in favor of the plaintiffs.
The judgment of this Court is that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.
MESSRS. JUSTICES FRASER and MARION concur.