Appellant insisted in the court below that the effect of the regulations in the baggage tariff set out in the statement above was to deny appellee a right to recover a sum in excess of $100, and insists here that the judgment so far as it is for a greater sum is excessive, and therefore erroneous. As supporting his contention appellant relies on the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916, § 1 (section 1974a, U.S. Comp. Stat.), authorizing the President, in time of war, to take possession and assume control of any system, or part of same, of transportation, and to utilize same, to the exclusion, as far as necessary, of all other traffic thereon, for the transfer of troops, war material, etc., the proclamation of the President assuming control at and after 12 o'clock noon of December 28, 1917, "of each and every system of transportation and the appurtenances thereof located wholly or in part within the boundaries of the continental United States, consisting of railroads," etc., and the Act of Congress of March 21, 1918, § 10 (section 3115 3/4j, U.S. Comp. Stat. 1919 Supp.), providing that during the period of federal control of common carriers the President might "initiate rates, fares, charges, classifications, regulations, and practices by filing the same with the Interstate Commerce Commission."
Appellee, on the other hand, insists that the case in its facts is not within the operation of the federal statutes and the acts of the President thereunder, and that the validity of the Judgment should be determined *Page 944 with reference alone to the laws of this state. The claimed inapplicability of the federal statutes and acts of the President thereunder, and applicability of the statute of this state (Vernon's Statutes, art. 708), declaring that common carriers "shall not limit or restrict their liability as it exists at common law, * * * in any other manner whatever," is of course based on the fact that the contract was not to carry the trunk from a point in one state to a point in another, but to carry same from a point in this state to another point in this state. In support of his contention appellee argues, quoting from his brief:
"That the Texas statute relied upon by him in no way conflicts with the Act of Congress, the President's proclamation, or even the Director General's order. The limitation of liability is not a part of the rate itself, and could not be as to an intrastate shipment, because it would be in violation of a state law. Limitation of liability is not within the meaning of the words `rule, regulation or practice.' With the express provision contained in the President's proclamation that state laws should remain in full force and effect during the administration of railroads by the government, and that only in case of conflict should the federal orders be held as paramount, it is clear to us that the state statute prohibiting limiting of liability should be held effective. There is nothing in the congressional act, in the proclamation of the President, or in the orders promulgated by the Director General, either expressly or impliedly stated, that shows an intention to conflict with the state statute relied upon by us."
Each point in the argument has been determined by the federal Supreme Court to the contrary of appellee's contention, it seems.
In Northern Pacific Railway Co. v. North Dakota, 250 U.S. 135, 39 S. Ct. 502, 63 L. Ed. 897, it was held, quoting from the syllabus, that —
The "authority to make and enforce intrastate rates without regard to state action must be deemed to have been included in the comprehensive powers given the President by the acts of August 29, 1916, and March 21, 1918, to take over and operate the railroad transportation systems as a war emergency measure, especially in view of the provision of section 10 of the later act, expressly investing the President with the power to initiate rates by filing the same with the Interstate Commerce Commission, to be effective pending final determination by that body; and no limitation upon this all-embracing power over rates can be inferred from the provision of section 15 of that act, that nothing therein shall be construed to amend, repeal, impair, or affect the lawful police regulations of the several states."
In Boston Maine Ry. Co. v. Hooker, 233 U.S. 97, 34 S. Ct. 526, 58 L. Ed. 868, L.R.A. 1915B, 450, Ann.Cas. 1915D, 593, it was held, also quoting from the syllabus, that —
"A limitation as to the baggage liability of an interstate carrier, based upon the requirement to declare its value when more than $100, and pay an excess charge, is a regulation determinative of the rate to be charged and affecting the service to be rendered to the passenger within the meaning of the act to regulate commerce of February 4, 1887, which requires regulations of that character to be filed and posted in accordance with its provisions as a part of the carrier's tariff schedules."
Asserting that "in no event can a carrier's liability for loss due to its negligence be limited unless by estoppel," appellee argues further in support of the judgment that "the character of notice alleged and proven cannot be the basis of an estoppel." In the case last cited above (Ry. Co. v. Hooker) it was held that the rate, when made out by the carrier and filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission, is notice, and that limitations of liability not forbidden by law become, when filed, a part of the rate. We quote further from the syllabus of that case as follows:
"A regulation contained in the published tariffs of an interstate railway carrier on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission, limiting its baggage liability to $100 unless a greater value is declared and stipulated by the owner and the excess charges paid, is binding upon the passenger in case of loss of the baggage through the carrier's negligence, regardless of the passenger's lack of knowledge of or assent to such regulation, and regardless of the carrier's failure to inquire as to the value of the baggage, * * * any state law or policy to the contrary having been superseded when Congress * * * took possession of the subject of the interstate railway transportation of property."
We think the rates and regulations for the carriage of baggage initiated by the President in the exercise of power conferred on him in times of war superseded state laws in conflict with same, and that it appeared as a matter of law that appellee was not entitled to recover a sum in excess of $100. Therefore the judgment will be so reformed as to limit the recovery by her to that sum, and as so reformed will be affirmed. *Page 1108