First, the respondents insist that jurisdiction is not vested in this court to issue the writ as here sought, as restraining an interference with the due execution of a prior final judgment of this court, since this court merely affirmed the judgment of the district court of Cherokee county, and did not modify or change it. The power and authority of the appellate court to act in the proceeding of prohibition is entirely dependent, in legal requirement, upon jurisdiction attaching and becoming active under an appeal or writ of error in the given case. The issuance of the writ in a proper case is in aid of such appellate jurisdiction, whether the judgment on appeal is affirmed or reversed and rendered. Wells v. Littlefield, 62 Tex. 28. As pertinent the following quotation is made from the opinion of the Supreme Court in the above case:
"Under our Constitution the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction only, and issues the writ of mandamus for the purpose solely of enforcing that jurisdiction. Const. art. 5, § 3. So soon as the jurisdiction attaches under an appeal or writ of error, this court has full control of the cause, and can make such orders concerning it as may be necessary to preserve the rights of the parties and enforce its mandates. This jurisdiction continues until the case, as made by the appeal or writ of error, is fully determined by this court and its judgment is completely executed by the court below. If the judgment below is affirmed, or reversed and rendered or reformed, this court can see that the party in whose favor its decision has been given has the benefit of all proceedings below necessary to enforce its judgment. If remanded for a new trial, it retains control until the new trial is allowed *Page 220 in accordance with its mandate. If reversed and sent down to have some special judgment rendered by the court below, jurisdiction remains till that particular judgment is entered up, and the mandate of the court obeyed. For the purpose of enforcing all such orders coming within the appellate jurisdiction of the court it may resort to the writ of mandamus, or any other appropriate writ known to our system of jurisprudence."
Where the judgments of the trial courts were on appeal reversed and rendered, the writ of prohibition has been granted. Hovey v. Shepherd,105 Tex. 237, 147 S.W. 224; Conley v. Anderson (Tex. Sup.) 164 S.W. 985; Id. 106 Tex. 80, 156 S.W. 197, 157 S.W. 937; Estey Camp v. Luther (Tex.Civ.App.) 142 S.W. 649. And likewise in cases where the judgments of the trial courts were on appeal affirmed. Cattlemen's Trust Co. v. Willis (Tex.Civ.App.) 179 S.W. 1115; Williams v. Foster (Tex.Civ.App.)229 S.W. 896. The judgment is as much the judgment of the appellate court in the one case as the other. The judgment of affirmance merges the judgment of the trial court, with the status of a final judgment of the appellate court. Having acquired jurisdiction by appeal, and having made final pronouncement in the case, the power of the appellate court to grant a writ of prohibition continues to enforce the judgment and its mandate, as the protection of it lies with such court. As stated in case of Willis, supra, this jurisdiction continues until the case, as made by the appeal or writ of error, is fully determined by this court and its judgment is completely executed by the court below. And, even though a mandate has issued from the appellate court, the authority of such court is not legally withdrawn to issue the writ, for the continued reservation of jurisdiction is implied in the appellate court to enforce the judgment. Cattlemen's Trust Co. v. Willis (Tex.Civ.App.) 179 S.W. 1115.
The authority of the Court of Civil Appeals to issue the writ legally ceases only when the jurisdiction of such court is lost or terminated by the granting and perfecting of a writ of error by the Supreme Court in the particular cause. It would follow, as a legal consequence, we think, that where a writ of error in a given cause is denied by the Supreme Court that court would be without active authority and power to entertain original proceedings of prohibition. For in such event the jurisdiction of the Court of Civil Appeals is not legally interrupted or vacated over the cause, any more so than if no writ of error had been applied for. The purpose of the writ of error, as provided by law, is merely to remove the cause to the Supreme Court, as a mode of appeal. Necessarily, upon the refusal of the Supreme Court to grant the writ, the cause is not removed to the Supreme Court, and the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals remains final, having origin of legal finality from the date of the refusal of the writ of error. Also that the appellate court, and not the district court of Cherokee county in this instance, is empowered to grant such writ to the district court of Harris county is a settled rule, for the writ of prohibition cannot issue from one court to another of equal rank. See Steele v. State, 1 Tex. Civ. App. 495, 20 S.W. 946.
The authorities all agree that a writ of prohibition is essentially —
"a writ issued by a superior court, directed to the judge and the parties to a suit in an inferior court, commanding them to cease from further prosecution of the same, on a suggestion that the cause originally, or some collateral matter arising therein, does not belong to that jurisdiction, but to the cognizance of some other court." 3 Blackstone, 112; 32 Cyc. p. 600; 22 R.C.L. p. 19.
The appellate court having jurisdiction of the subject-matter, the further question is that of whether or not this proceeding is a proper one for the issuance of the writ applied for. The answer to the question depends upon the two points, viz.: (1) Whether or not the new suit in the district court of Harris county, urged as a distinct cause of action, has the necessary effect to directly interfere with and hinder the enforcement of the judgment of the appellate court, in the due exercise and preservation of rights which it established, and (2) whether or not the plaintiffs in the new suit are concluded by the final judgment in the former litigation. It is a firmly settled rule, and should be strictly adhered to, that a writ of prohibition cannot issue to prevent the prosecution of any suit which does not attempt to immediately and necessarily interfere with the due enforcement of the judgement of the appellate court, and which leaves its operation unimpeded. Milam County Oil Co. v. Bass et al., 106 Tex. 260, 163 S.W. 577. The new suit, in order to be subject to the writ of prohibition, must have the necessary effect to directly interfere with and hinder the enforcement of the judgment of the appellate court, in due exercise and preservation of the rights which it established, as expressed in the command of that court issued in its mandate. Hovey v. Shepherd. 105 Tex. 237, 147 S.W. 224; Conley v. Anderson (Tex. Sup.) 164 S.W. 985. And these cases above are quite pointedly illustrative of the line of demarcation between new suits which do not, and which do, necessarily involve the jurisdiction of the appellate court and amount to an interference with the due enforcement of the judgment and mandate of such appellate court, and therefore invade a jurisdiction forbidden to be entrenched upon. As pertinent, as a rule for guidance, the following quotation is made from the case of Bass et al., supra:
"A valid judgment should be effective to secure the benefits that it decrees; and its *Page 221 active office therefore continues for the full accomplishment of that result. Any interference with its enforcement or the due exercise of rights which it establishes would amount to a violation of the jurisdiction of the court as a hindrance to its power to put the judgment into effect and preserve its operative force. But to disregard a judgment through the institution of a suit is not necessarily to obstruct its operation. True, it may draw the judgment into question through the denial of its effect, and the judgment may be so conclusive as to render the suit a groundless one; but the jurisdiction of the court is not invaded by the mere assertion of rights through such method, even in contravention of the judgment, so long as its operation is left unimpeded. If a court should entertain such a suit, and through want of jurisdiction or failure to accord to the judgment its legal effect render an erroneous decree, the remedy provided by our system for its revision and readjudication, if needs be, of the conclusiveness of the judgment, is an appeal. * * * The proper test of the question therefore is, not whether the suit recognizes or repudiates the effect of the judgment, since that does not necessarily involve the jurisdiction of the court, but whether it amounts to an interference with its due enforcement and therefore invades a jurisdiction it is forbidden to trench upon."
In that case, in applying the above rule, it was decided that —
"The pending suit in the district court of Hill county presents no interference with the decree of this court in McCord v. Sprinkel [105 Tex. 150, 141 S.W. 945], or its due execution."
It is clear in that record that the Judgment of the Supreme Court was left in operation unobstructed, and would have full force and effect as to an acquittance to McCord and others if they complied with its terms, even though the plaintiffs in the second suit in Hill county recovered therein a favorable judgment. As to whether or not the judgment of the Supreme Court was in fact or in legal effect, appearing only incidentally so, conclusive of the second suit was purely a question, as a remedy by estoppel, for review by the method of appeal, if needs be. There is a distinguishment between that case and the case of Hovey, supra, presenting a second suit directly obstructing the due exercise of rights previously established by the appellate court's judgment. There the plaintiffs in the second suit were asking for "a writ of injunction forbidding them [the railway company] to remove the offices, etc., * * * from the city of Sweetwater." The Supreme Court had previously rendered final judgment, at the suit of other parties plaintiff against the same railway company, denying the injunction to restrain the railway company from removing "the general offices, etc., from the city of Sweetwater." It was held that the second suit in effect necessarily challenged the Judgment of the Supreme Court, nullifying and thwarting the command of that court issued in its judgment, and directly operated upon its due enforcement. Again, in the Conley Case, supra, the Supreme Court had rendered final judgment to the effect that an injunction was improperly granted against Conley, as superintendent of public buildings and grounds of the state, from entering upon certain parts of the Alamo property and expending in its improvement certain moneys appropriated by the Legislature for that purpose. The plaintiffs in the second suit against Conley were seeking an injunction "against the prosecution of such work under allegations in substance that the $5,000 appropriation made by the Thirty-Second Legislature had lapsed, and that, as they were advised and charged, other moneys than the $5,000 appropriation were being or would be expended by Conley in such work." The Supreme Court in effect determined that the very institution of the second suit, in its nature, operated to be an interference with its judgment and the due exercise thereof, upon the ground that it constituted "a plain effort to assume the control of said parties in the execution of the judgment of this court," "by which their authority is clearly defined," and "no district court had jurisdiction to review that judgment, nor to interpret and enforce it, but must observe it as it was framed by this court."
In the light of these cases, applying the rule of law laid down, the conclusion is reached that the present suit in Harris county has the effect to necessarily obstruct and interfere with the due enforcement of the judgment of the appellate court, and therefore invades its jurisdiction. By the previous final judgment of the appellate court the International Great Northern Railway Company was perpetually restrained "from changing the location of its general offices, etc., from the city of Palestine, and from keeping and maintaining its general offices, etc., at any other place than Palestine, Texas, unless hereafter authorized by law so to do." The contest in that suit, on the answer of the railway company, was as to whether Palestine or Houston was the special place, in virtue of the statutory provisions, at which to permanently locate, keep, and maintain all the general offices of such railway company. With the judgment of the appellate court existing, and which the district court of Harris county has no power to undo, the whole legal duty is required of the railway company to perpetuallly keep and maintain its general offices at Palestine; that is, unless and until the statute law in respect thereto is changed. In the present suit in Harris county the plaintiffs therein do not assert any claim to have the general offices changed from Palestine to Houston predicated upon the right that the railway company, as "hereafter authorized by law so to do," was *Page 222 under present legal duty to locate, keep, and maintain its general offices at Houston, and at no other place. The plaintiffs in the suit, as shown by their petition, expressly affirm a performance by the railway company of its duty under the mandate of the appellate court to the extent of "the maintenance of the general offices, in the larger part, at Palestine," and, merely claiming and asserting rights contrary thereto, seek to have the railway company "perpetually enjoined and prohibited from maintaining its general offices at any place except Houston, as provided in its charter, and the previous charters of this road, and as contracted to be kept; and that the defendant be compelled and required to move all the employees of its general offices not now in Houston, and be prohibited from moving any away now there." The institution of the suit, and its entertainment, in legal effect necessarily, and fundamentally, amounts to an interference with the due exercise and preservation or the rights which the judgment of the appellate court established, as an attempt to excuse and prohibit the railway company from complying with the mandate, and therefore immediately invades the jurisdiction of such court.
Consequently, if the plaintiffs in the suit are concluded by the final judgment in the former litigation, the writ applied for ought to be granted. As concerns that particular point it becomes necessary to decide whether or not the record discloses that such former judgment is conclusive in legal view against the city of Houston and that said city is bound by the result of the litigation, in the following situations: (1) That the city of Houston became a party to that suit by active participation in the defense of the case through counsel, employed for that purpose, or (2) that the judgment was upon the subject of a public nature, in effect determining the rights and interests of the general public in their enlarged relationships, and not purely the private rights of any one. And it is believed that both situations affirmatively appear, as a matter of law, upon the face of the record, operating to conclude the plaintiffs from bringing and maintaining the present suit in Harris county. The city of Houston, having knowledge of the former suit, employed and paid special attorneys of its own choosing to appear therein and assist in the defense and to co-operate with the special attorneys of the railway company in carrying on the litigation in the trial and on appeal, having claim and interest in the subject-matter, in mutual relationship to and identified with the claim and interest of the railway company to the same right. The city of Houston, though not a formal party to the record, through its special counsel in fact appeared therein in actual representation in the name of the railway company, actively participating in the defense of the suit, wherein the rights of the city of Houston were directly put in issue and were as directly determined. As appears from the affidavit of the special attorneys, their employment and express authorization were "to assist in the defense of that suit," and "to render such services in the matter as the general counsel for the railway company saw fit to avail themselves of." And embracing the opportunity to appear in that suit, such special attorneys, as stated in the affidavit, did, and properly so as within the authorization of their employment by the city, "become connected with the case" and "consulted and advised with" and "had frequent conferences with" the special attorneys for the railway company, and did "render such services as counsel for the railway company saw fit to avail themselves of." It is evident, and not claimed otherwise, that in so acting and participating in the case such special attorneys were in fact acting, and they were so considered as acting, in the interest of their employment as distinct attorneys for the city of Houston, and not appearing purely as attorneys for the railway company. Although the special attorneys "did not answer or intervene for the city of Houston," yet, as appears, they signed, as within the scope of their employment, the trial answer of the railway company, and assisted and co-operated with the attorneys for the railway company in presenting and urging the pleaded defense. The filed answer of the railway company, as pertinent, sets up:
"39. The defendant invokes the provisions of the charter of the Houston Great Northern Railroad Company, and the other charters set out, or plead, whereby the domicile of that road and of the International Great Northern Railroad was at Houston, Texas: and represents that the act of 1889, and as now in the Revised Statutes of Texas, if applicable, requires the domicile and offices to be in Houston, Texas; and defendants says that the charter of the Houston Great Northern Railroad Company named Houston, Texas, as the place for the locating of the general offices, and that the International Great Northern Railroad Company was a railroad whose charter named Houston, Texas, as the place for the locating of its general offices, and named no other place. — The town of Palestine is a town of about 10,000 population. It is not a manufacturing city, nor has it any large industrial or clerical population to draw from. — The city of Houston is a place of over 100,000 people, rapidly growing, with a large mechanical industrial population, and one of the great centers of railway activity in the state of Texas, and where there is a large supply of trained and expert clerical assistance obtainable, and where the executive offices of the railroad can be in constant contact with transportation problems and men, and where they can best serve the public and the interest of the defendant. None of these conditions exist at Palestine. The International Great Northern Railway Company now alleges that if the *Page 223 purposes of the present suit prevail it will be forever hampered, and the properties owned by it forever hampered and restricted in their proper uses, by the attempt to bind them down to Palestine and in restriction of its ability to perform its duties to the public and of the ability of the properties to perform such duties forever."
Also such special attorneys' names appear signed to the brief and argument presenting the litigation on the appeal of the case. Therefore the mere fact that the special attorneys did not intervene or file distinct answer for the city of Houston is of little weight and importance, since they could have done so, and instead elected, as is evident, to appear and defend in the name alone of the defendant railway company, as they had the right to do, the railway company consenting and not objecting to their appearance and co-operation in the defense. The city of Houston and the attorneys representing it were interested beyond merely voluntarily assisting the railway company in the defense. The city was directly, and not merely indirectly, interested in the subject-matter involved, as claimed by the railway company. She was identified in interest with the railway company, which was a party, in having the general offices maintained in Houston and at no other place. Interest, or the claim of interest, is the test, almost without exception, as to the right to be a party to a legal proceeding. In the circumstances, the city of Houston, and the public that it would legally represent, became bound by that judgment by so directly identifying itself through its attorneys, with the proceedings as to be a virtual party thereto. McMillan v. Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 151 Wis. 48, 138 N.W. 94, Ann.Cas. 1914B, 53; Cleveland v. Heidenheimer (Tex.Civ.App.) 44 S.W. 551; Lake v. Weaver,80 N.J. Eq. 395, 86 A. 817. There is a clear distinguishment between the present proceedings and the case of Litchfield v. Goodnow's Adm'r,123 U.S. 549, 8 S. Ct. 210, 31 L. Ed. 199. And the city of Houston would, in the circumstances, be bound by that judgment, although, as appears in the affidavit, the general attorney of the railway company was, in effect, the leading counsel, with the consequent and recognized right "to control the proceedings" in the case, as to the defendant of record. The real interests of all the special attorneys were in common and not antagonistic in the defense and trial of the case, having the single purpose and view to urge that defense that Houston, and not Palestine, was "the place for the locating of its general offices" under the statutory conditions and provisions. And there was an actual appearance of the special attorneys for the city of Houston in the defense, and they were not denied any co-operation in conducting the defense, which, as pleaded, was full and complete as to the rights of the city of Houston. Further, an appeal from the trial court's judgment was actually taken, all the attorneys participating therein. Being directly interested in the subject-matter of the suit, as the city of Houston was, and being accorded, as was done, the right to appear and actively co-operate in the defense, which directly put in issue its claim, and as well to participate in the appeal from the judgment, the city of Houston is not in a position to complain that it did not stand in the legal relation of a party to that suit, enabling it to be heard in the assertion of its claim. The further right to exclusively "control the proceedings," in addition to the "right to make a defense," was not essential in the circumstances. The rule of law applicable is thus stated in 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, § 523:
"Under the term parties, in this connection, the law includes all who are directly interested in the subject, and had a right to make a defense, or to control the proceeding, and to appeal from the judgment."
In respect to the second point stated above it appears that the suit in Cherokee county was brought in the name of Anderson county, the city of Palestine and several individuals, against the railway company as such, to establish the obligation of the railway company under statutory conditions and provisions to keep and maintain its general offices in Anderson county and at Palestine, and to compel it to perform that duty. Whatever its form, that suit was essentially one to obtain relief or remedy, having its origin in statute law. Article 6423, R.S., was invoked, by which it is provided that any railroad chartered by the laws of Texas "shall keep and maintain permanently its general offices within the state of Texas," either (1) "at the place named in its charter," or (2) "if no certain place is named in its charter where its general offices shall be located and maintained, then said railroad company shall keep and maintain its general offices * * * within this state where it shall have contracted or agreed, or shall hereafter contract or agree, to locate its general offices for a valuable consideration," or (3) "if said railroad company has not contracted or agreed for a valuable consideration to maintain its general offices at any certain place within this state, then such general offices shall be located and maintained at such place on its line in this state as said railroad company may designate to be on its line of railway." And passing upon the nature of the suit in the opinion on appeal (174 S.W. at page 316), it was determined that:
"If enforced according to the terms of the prayer, clearly the results of the suit belong to and inure to the public, as a duty owing to it. The defense of appellant and the right of appellees were entirely dependent upon whether a statutory provision of the state in respect *Page 224 to charter rights of appellant in location of its domicile was applicatory. The decree was entirely dependent upon the statute, and not the enforcement of a private contract as such, for its vitality. The contract was only evidence in the line of facts going to prove the application of the statute, and did not operate or have the legal effect to create a lien in rem, or any other legal liability or claim in favor of appellees. * * * It is believed that the act [article 6423] could not properly be construed as undertaking to add to pre-existing contracts rights of a purely private character and to be enforceable as such. When a railway company bargains away for a valuable consideration the domicile of origin, the effect is more than a mere personal contract. It is a modification of the corporate franchise, and to that extent relinquishes and limits the charter obligation or privilege. * * * Manifestly the language of the act * * * expresses the purpose and intention of the Legislature to have only certainty of the location of the principal offices, * * and to insist upon the domicile chosen by any railway company as suitable to it being final and unchangeable."
As determined also in the case of Hovey et al., supra, the maintenance of the general offices of a railway company at a certain locality "concerns the public interest." Then, as stated in the Hovey Case, supra,
"The important question in the case is reached by the announcement of the well-settled proposition of law that, if the matter adjudicated affected the interests of the public as distinguished from the private interest of the citizens of the city, although not parties to the suit, all citizens are concluded."
The term "all citizens," as referring to those who "are concluded" by a special proceeding of this character, includes all the people of the state as well as those of the local community where the suit is brought. It is certain that the local and special body of citizens in the community of Palestine and Anderson county had a vital interest in the maintenance of the general offices at Palestine and in establishing the statutory condition of fact applicatory thereto. But the immediate interest involved and sought to be protected was, not that of the exclusive, peculiar interest of the city of Palestine and county of Anderson, but that of the general public. The refusal of the company to perform its legal duty to the public of that community was not a wrong to them only, but to all the public in their enlarged relationship. The effect of the special proceeding was to enforce specific performance by the company of the requirements of the general law as a duty in the interest of all the public, at large as well as local. By way of analogy, the establishing and maintaining of a railway depot at a county seat, when the railway passes through or near the county seat of a county, concerns "the interests of the public who desire or are required to visit the county seat," and not the private interests "of the owners of property in the town." Railway Co. v. State, 106 Tex. 249, 163 S.W. 582. The judicial ascertainment of the definite locality or place fixed by law for the permanent location and maintenance of the general offices of a long line of railway assumes public importance beyond the confines of a particular city or county, and interests the public generally. For the statute expressly provides that at the general offices of the railway company "the principal business of said corporation shall be conducted, and stock, transferred, and claims for, damages settled and adjusted," etc. Article 6429, R.S. And by force of law railways, when once constructed, are declared public highways. Const. art. 10, § 2. It is a well recognized rule, which has long prevailed in equity, that some, as representatives of a class, may sue for all. A municipal corporation, county or city, is, for many purposes, but a department of the state organized for the more convenient administration of certain powers belonging to the state. Counties are legal subdivisions of the state. Const. art. 11, § 1. A municipal corporation has, in some cases, the authority to maintain an action for the purpose of preserving the rights of the public, and a judgment for or against such county becomes binding on the public affected. A county or city has authority to maintain an action for the purpose of preserving the rights of the general public to the use of dedicated squares, or land claimed as such, within its limits. In such actions the municipal corporation is authorized to put in issue the rights of the people to such easement, and the state itself is bound by the result of such litigation, if the same is not collusive. In such respect the municipal corporation is in the nature, as it were, of a trustee of the people with respect to the property dedicated, or claimed to be dedicated, to public uses. The general offices were located in Anderson county, and the suit was brought in that county and was one substantially for the use and benefit of the people of the state. As the county was authorized by law, in the exercise of its implied power, to bring such action for the purpose, as its effect, of preserving the alleged rights of the people, the judgment would be equally binding upon the people of the state as upon the local public. The statute does not expressly forbid the exercise of such authority by the county.
The writ will issue, as applied for. The costs of the proceedings will be taxed against the city of Houston. *Page 225