Appellant was convicted of murder in the second degree in the Criminal District Court of Harris County, Texas, and his punishment assessed at five years confinement in the penitentiary.
1. In the first ground of his motion for a new trial he complains of the action of the court in overruling his application for a continuance. This application was the eighth application filed by appellant, and there was no error in overruling same, as it appears from the record that one of the witnesses had been absent from the State since 1904, and the other had been confined to her bed with paralysis for a number of months, and would never again be able to attend court. Had the appellant desired the testimony of these two witnesses, one of them having been absent from the State for seven years, and the other confined to her bed for an equal number of months, he should have made some effort to get their depositions.
2. In three of his bills of exception appellant complains of the refusal of the court to admit certain testimony, for the purpose of impeaching a dying declaration admitted in evidence. One of the bills reads: "Be it remembered that upon the trial of the above entitled and numbered cause, in which defendant was convicted of murder in the second degree upon his plea of `not guilty' and was sentenced to five years in the State penitentiary, and upon which trial defendant, himself, testified that the homicide was accidental and was caused by his stumbling, which caused his gun to accidentally discharge; that he was friendly with deceased and had no intention of injuring deceased or shooting at him. The State offered in evidence and over objection of defendant the following dying declaration of deceased and it was introduced as evidence for the State and same went to the jury, said dying declaration being as follows, to wit: `I live this side of Hall's Bayou; I was going home Monday, November 23, about five o'clock. Mr. George Dupree was going home, *Page 623 too. Mr. Lyles and Mr. John Stone was in Mr. Dupree's wagon. Mr. Lyles finally got out of Mr. Dupree's wagon and got in mine. I had to pass Mr. Lyles' house going home. When we got to Mr. Lyles's house he got out and fed his horse and chickens and went into the house and got his gun and some cartridges; he had them in his hand when he came out; he loaded his gun and got in my wagon and we drove to Mr. Snyder's house. When we got there we both got out and had two drinks of wine with Mr. Snyder; we then got in the wagon and drove as far as Mr. Bunk Dupree's. When we stopped, Mr. Dupree and Miss Sally Roberts was cutting wood; Mr. Lyles told them to stop; they did not stop, and he then raised his gun and shot at them. He shot twice; he then loaded his gun. I jumped out of the wagon and hollered at him not to shoot; he turned on me and said, "You God-damned son-of-a-bitch, I will shoot you." He then shot at me, shooting me in the hip. I fell and drug myself away in the bushes. When we got to Dupree's and just before Mr. Lyles shot at Mr. Dupree, I told Mr. Lyles Mr. Dupree was cutting wood for Mr. George Loempke. He said he did not give a damn, they could not cut wood there. Signed William Leben (His mark).'"
In the first bill be alleges that he expected to prove and could have proven by Dave Echols that within two or three hours after the shooting he saw deceased Leben and had a conversation with him in reference to the shooting, and that deceased at that time said that defendant did not shoot him intentionally, and that it was an accident. In his second bill defendant states he expected to prove and could have proven by the witness J.M. Ludke that the witness had a conversation with deceased Leben three or four days after the shooting (and about three days before his death) and that deceased had stated to him that he and defendant were warm friends, and had had no controversy of any kind on the occasion of the shooting, and that, in his opinion, defendant did not intend to shoot him, and that the shooting was accidental. That he and defendant were both drinking, and that defendant staggered back and stumbled over something, at which time the gun was discharged. In his third bill defendant states he offered to prove and could have proven by the witness Mrs. Alice Pilcher that she visited deceased before his death, and "that she asked him what in the world could have caused it, as she understood that he and defendant were the best friends, and that Leben replied that defendant did not shoot on purpose, that it was only an accident; that they were drinking and fooling with the gun and that it went off and shot him. That she then asked deceased if he knew that a complaint had been made against the defendant and that he had been put in jail for shooting him, and he replied that he had heard that that was a fact, and added that he expected to get well, and that though it would be a long time before he could get about except with a crutch, but that as soon as he was able to get up to the court he would have defendant liberated." *Page 624
This testimony would all have tended to strongly corroborate defendant's version of the shooting. The declaration of deceased, introduced as his dying statement, would make a case of wilful and intentional homicide against this defendant. If the deceased had been living at the time of the trial, and had so testified, there is no question but by laying the proper predicate, the testimony of all three of these witnesses would have been admissible as having a tendency to impeach his testimony, and under what rule of law they should be excluded now we fail to see. In the case of Felder v. State, 23 Texas Crim. App., 488, this court held: "Dying declarations derive their admissibility as evidence from the necessity of the case. They are generally made to friends of the deceased, and under circumstances where the physical conditions and surroundings of the declarant are such that cross-examination is unattainable. Made under a sense of nearly impending death, the awful solemnity of the occasion stamps them with the verity which attends statements made under the sanction of an oath. But the allowance of them is a jealously guarded concession to the ends of human justice. That this is so is evidenced by the requirements as to predicate for their introduction, and also by the limitation upon their admissibility to the identity of the perpetrator and the circumstances of the crime. The oath may be dispensed with; but no circumstances of extremity can compensate the want of a cross-examination. They are themselves hearsay testimony, and, as has been said, their admissibility springs out of the necessity of the case. But, after admitting them, it would be a perversion of all right reasoning to deny to an accused a like relaxation of the rule, the occasion for it being produced by a coincident and coextensive necessity. If the State may invoke a departure from the ordinary rules of evidence, upon the ground of necessity, would it not be a hardship to deny the same to the accused, when the necessity has been put upon him by the concession made to the State?
"`Statements made by the defendant,' says Mr. Bishop, `contradictory of dying declarations, and contradictions in the latter, may be shown to detract from their weight with the jury.' (1 Bishop Crim. Proc., 1209.) The same doctrine is asserted in a long line of adjudicated cases. (McPherson v. The State, 9 Yerg, 279; Moore v. The State, 12 Ala. 764; People v. Lawrence,21 Cal. 368.)
"In delivering the opinion in the latter case, Field, C.J., said: `The rule is general that the credit of a witness may be impeached by proof that he made statements contrary to what he has testified. There is, it is true, a condition to the rule, with reference to verbal statements, that the attention of the witness must be previously called to the particular occasion and circumstances under which the supposed contradictory statements were made, in order to give him an opportunity of making any explanation of the matter which he may have. But this preliminary condition, it is clear, can not be complied with when dying declarations are offered in evidence, except in very rare *Page 625 cases. Such declarations are generally made to the physician or friends of the deceased, in the absence of the party against whom they are offered, who, of course, has no opportunity of cross-examination, or of directing the attention of the deceased to any alleged contradictory statements made by him. . . . There would be no justice, therefore, in any rule which would deprive the accused of the right to impeach the credit of the deceased by proof of his having made contradictory statements as to the homicide and its cause.'" See also Hamlin v. State,34 Tex. Crim. 368, and authorities there cited; Branch's Crim. Law, sec. 490, for Texas authorities; Morelock v. State, 90 Tenn. 528; Carver v. United States, 164 U.S. 694; Shell v. State,88 Ala. 14; Stevenson v. United States, 86 Fed., 111; State v. O'Shear, 60 Kan. 780; Gregory v. State, 140 Ala. 16; People v. Lawrence, 21 Cal. 368; State v. Lodge, 9 Houst. (Del.), 542; Lester v. State, 37 Fla. 382; Battle v. State, 74 Ga. 101; Dunn v. People, 172 Ill. 582; Green v. State, 154 Ind. 655; State v. Charles, 111 La. 933; Com. v. Cooper, 5 Allen (Mass.), 495; Nelms v. State, 13 Sm. M. (Miss.), 500; State v. Shaffer, 23 Oreg., 555.
Of course, if the objection was made that deceased was not sane at the time or was under the influence of opiates, or other reason why he did not know or understand what he was saying, it would be incumbent upon the defendant to show that deceased at the time was in a frame of mind to talk intelligently, but these objections are not raised on the objection that the testimony is hearsay, and the court erred under the record in this case in not admitting this testimony.
3. In the examination of the witness Mrs. Sallie Dupree, the defendant asked her: "If you had then thought that he (defendant) intended to shoot you, you would not have stayed there and waited for anything further?" to which the witness answered, "No, sir." On motion of the State this testimony was excluded. In this there was no error. The witness had detailed all she saw and heard at the time, and it was not permissible to prove what she would have done under other circumstances, or if the circumstances indicated this or the other conclusion to her mind.
4. Appellant in bill No. 5 states that after the jury had retired, they returned into court and asked additional instruction, when the court, in obedience to said request, gave them further instructions in writing, the complaint being that this additional charge had no file marks thereon, although signed by the judge. When the attention of the court was called to this matter he instructed the clerk to place the file marks thereon nunc pro tunc. The failure of the clerk to place the file marks thereon would not be cause for reversal, when the correct file marks are placed thereon before an appeal is perfected. Nettles v. State, 4 Texas Crim. App., 337; Hill v. State, 4 Texas Crim. App., 557; Lowe v. State, 11 Texas Crim. App., 253; Kennedy v. State, 9 Texas Crim. App., 399. *Page 626
5. This disposes of all the bills of exception in the record, but in the motion for a new trial appellant complains of several paragraphs of the court's charge, and failure to give special charges requested. The grounds in the motion complaining of the admissibility of certain testimony, to which no bills of exception were reserved, or at least do not appear in the record, can not be considered by us. However, a number of them relate to matters in which the State was having detailed the condition of deceased, his frame of mind, and whether or not he was aware that his death was only a question of time, at the time of making the statement introduced as his dying declaration. When the appellant contested the right of the State to introduce the dying declaration, he can not be heard to complain that in showing the deceased was sane, and was conscious of approaching death, his physical and mental condition are described by the witnesses, and his expressions stated in regard to his knowledge that death must ensue. These matters, though presented in the motion for a new trial, are not verified by any bill of exceptions, and in so far as this record discloses, the court did not err in admitting the dying declaration, or the evidence in regard thereto.
The court charged the jury on murder in the second degree, assault to murder, and aggravated assault, also instructing them that if the shooting was accidental, or the gun was unintentionally discharged, defendant should be acquitted, or if they had a reasonable doubt as to whether this might not be true, they would acquit him. Every issue in the case was submitted in the court's charge, and the court correctly instructed the jury that intoxication or temporary insanity caused by the voluntary recent use of ardent spirits will constitute no excuse for the commission of crime, nor shall intoxication mitigate the degree of crime, but evidence of temporary insanity produced by the use of ardent spirits may be introduced in evidence in mitigation of the punishment to be assessed. This was called for under the evidence, and the court did not err in instructing the jury that same might be considered in determining the punishment, but could not be considered in determining whether or not the defendant was guilty of murder in the second degree, assault to murder, or aggravated assault. (Hernandez v. State, 32 Tex. Crim. 271; Clore v. State, 26 Texas Crim. App., 624.) While temporary insanity produced by the recent use of intoxicating liquors may be considered in passing on whether one is guilty of murder in the first or second degree, yet it can not be considered in fixing the grade of offense in any other instance. The special charges requested, in so far as applicable to this case, were covered by the main charge, but on account of the errors above pointed out herein the case is reversed.
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded.
Reversed and remanded. *Page 627
ON REHEARING. January 17, 1912.