On July 11, 1904, Ben C. Jones Co. instituted this suit in the District Court of the Twenty-sixth District, *Page 328 in Travis County, against the Gammel Book Company, the Gammel-Statesman Publishing Co., H.P.N. Gammel, C.F. Gydeson and A.S. Vandervoort. The purpose of the suit is stated by the plaintiffs in error in their brief in the following terms:
"The appellants sued in this case for the profits which they would have earned on the printing, etc., of nine volumes of current reports, the manuscript for which was ready for printing and delivered to the appellees between May 1, 1902, and November 2, 1903, and for the profits on eight volumes of old reports which they claim should have been selected and designated by appellees for printing during the two years covered by the instrument above set out, for damages to their business and for exemplary damages."
The Court of Civil Appeals omitted to make a statement of the facts found by that Honorable Court, hence we must look to the record for the evidence upon which to base our decision. The following facts are undisputed except where otherwise stated herein. In the year 1900 Ben C. Jones Co. made a contract with the State of Texas by which they agreed to publish for the State the current reports of the Supreme Court, the Court of Criminal Appeals and the several Courts of Civil Appeals for two years, which contract was in force when the contract herein sued upon was entered into.
In 1901 the Legislature of the State of Texas passed a joint resolution by which the Printing Board of the State was empowered, with the approval of the Governor of the State, to enter into a contract by which certain books, electrotype plates, etc., owned by the State would be exchanged for other books therein named, and also to make a contract for the republication of the Texas Supreme Court Reports, which had before been printed; that is, up to and including volume 73, and also the current reports thereafter to be published of the decisions of the Supreme Court, Court of Criminal Appeals and the several Courts of Civil Appeals. H.P.N. Gammel was active in securing the passage of this resolution, and was acting for the benefit of the Gammel Book Co., which owned the books that the State was seeking to acquire. After the resolution was passed the Gammel Book Co. negotiated with the Printing Board for the contract authorized to be made. The Board, as he states, did not wish to contract with a corporation, and he made the contract in his own name for the benefit of the Gammel Book Co. The Printing Board and the Governor refused to enter into the contract with Gammel unless he would in some way satisfy Ben C. Jones Co. with reference to the contract which they then had with the State. There was evidence to establish the fact that Gammel entered into an agreement with Ben C. Jones Co. that, if they would surrender their contract, and go upon his bond, that they should do the work under the new contract the same as under the contract that they had with the State, and under this agreement the existing contract was surrendered and the parties entered into the following agreement:
"The State of Texas } County of Travis. }
"Know all Men by these Presents:
"That this contract and agreement, made and entered into this 31st *Page 329 day of October, A.D. 1901, by and between the Gammel Book Company, a body politic and corporate, duly incorporated under the laws of the State of Texas, parties of the first part, and Ben C. Jones Co., a firm composed of Ben C. Jones, V.A. Fenner and Robert H. Cousins, parties of the second part, and all of the City of Austin, Travis County, Texas, witnesseth:
"That the parties of the second part agree and hereby bind themselves to print, bind and deliver unto the parties of the first part all the current volumes of reports, being the decisions of the Supreme Court, Court of Criminal Appeals and the Court of Civil Appeals of the State of Texas, and known respectively as the Texas Supreme Court Reports, Texas Criminal Appeals Reports and the Texas Civil Appeals Reports. And the parties of the second part further agree and bind themselves to wrap each volume of the aforesaid reports in one cover of heavy wrapping paper, the same to be sealed, and with printed end labels showing what volume it contains.
"That the parties of the second part also agree and hereby bind themselves to make electrotype plates of each page of the aforesaid reports; and the said books shall be printed, bound and finished as per the specifications contained in the existing contract between the State of Texas and the said parties of the second part, and subject to the approval of the Expert Printer of the State of Texas or the Printing Board of the State of Texas.
"That the standard size of each volume of said reports shall be as required by the statute, consisting of 768 pages per volume; and in the event any of said reports shall exceed in size the standard volume, the price as hereinafter provided for shall be increased pro rata per each volume; and, if any of said reports shall contain less pages than the standard, then the same pro rata shall be allowed. By pro rata is meant the price per page of each standard volume of 768 pages.
"That, in consideration of the delivery of one thousand (1,000) finished and approved copies of each of the aforesaid reports to the parties of the first part, and the further delivery of all the electrotype plates necessary for each volume to the Secretary of State at the capitol building of the State of Texas, carefully wrapped and packed in a substantial box, plainly marked with number of plates and the report said plates are for, the parties of the first part agree and hereby bind themselves to pay to the parties of the second part, in cash, for each one thousand (1,000) copies of each report, and the necessary electrotype plates therefor, delivered as aforesaid, the sum of two thousand and fifty-four dollars and fifty cents ($2,054.50), and the further sum of ninety-seven and one-half cents (97 1/2) for each additional copy in excess of the one thousand original copies, provided such excess is printed at the time with original order. And in the event said parties of the first part should desire copies of any report to be printed from the electrotype plates owned by the State, the parties of the second part agree and hereby bind themselves to furnish and deliver the said copies to the parties of the first part, as follows, towit:
"For 100 copies and over, $1.67 per copy.
"For 150 copies and over, $1.40 per copy.
"For 250 copies and over, $1.19 per copy. *Page 330
"For 500 copies and over, $1.05 per copy.
"For 1000 copies and over, $0.97 1/2 per copy.
Provided, said electrotype plates are delivered to the parties of the second part. And the parties of the second part further agree to print, bind, finish, and make electrotype plates of any back numbers of the Texas Reports as the parties of the first part may direct, upon the same basis as the current volumes, when the conditions are the same; the parties of the first part hereby agreeing to furnish a copy for each of the same. Such work, however, may be limited by the parties of the second part so as not to exceed four volumes per year.
"That the parties of the second part agree and hereby bind themselves to deliver to the parties of the first part any one report, consisting of one thousand copies and necessary electrotype plates therefor, within ninety (90) days after the original copy has been received by the parties of the second part, but with an extension of time for such delay as is allowed the parties of the first part in its contract with the State. And the parties of the second part further agree and bind themselves to push, finish and deliver the work as per contract between Gammel and the State of Texas, and also bind themselves to pay any and all costs or damages that said Gammel Book Co. may be liable for to the State of Texas on account of delay in printing, binding, electrotyping or delivering said volumes, provided said delay is caused or occurs after the original copy is in the hands of the said parties of the second part.
"That the final proof of each of said reports shall be approved by the official court reporter of the State of Texas.
"That this contract shall remain in force and be binding for a term of two (2) years from date hereof.
"Witness the hand of the Gammel Book Co., by its president, Joseph Nalle, and likewise the hand of Ben C. Jones Co., in duplicate, this 31st day of October, A.D. 1901, at Austin, Travis County, Texas.
"The Gammel Book Co., "By its president, Joseph Nalle.
"Ben C. Jones Co., "By Fenner."
The evidence showed the following facts:
"On the trial appellants read in evidence the contract above set out, and proved that manuscripts for current reports mentioned in their petition were delivered by the state expert printer to the Gammel Book Co., or the Gammel-Statesman Publishing Co., as its assignee, as follows: Manuscript for 95 Supreme Court Reports was delivered December 31, 1902; for 96 Supreme Court Reports, November 1, 1903; for Twenty-sixth Civil Appeals Reports, May 5, 1907; for Twenty-seventh Civil Appeals Reports, November 15, 1902; for Twenty-eighth Civil Appeals Reports, January 15, 1903; for Twenty-ninth Civil Appeals Reports, January 19, 1903; for Thirtieth Civil Appeals Reports, September 25, 1903; for Thirty-first Civil Appeals Reports, November 11, 1903; for Forty-third Criminal Appeals Reports, December 22, 1902; all of which were printed, etc., by the Caramel-Statesman Publishing Co.; and that none of same were tendered to the appellees for printing, etc. Then they showed, by competent evidence, the difference between the cost of *Page 331 manufacturing each of said volumes of reports, and the contract price on said volume. (Tr. 241-245, 249-257.) They made the same character of proof as to volumes of the old reports (Tr. 241-245, 249-257), and that the Gammel Book Co. had not selected or designated for printing, etc., any of said reports. The proof further showed that the appellants, on September 24, 1902, sued the Gammel Book Co. in the District Court, on the written instrument upon which this suit is based, for the amount due them under said instrument for work done in completing volumes 41 and 42 of the Criminal Appeals Reports and volume 91 of the Texas Reports, and for printing, etc., of a part of volume 25, Civil Appeals Reports. This suit was continued from term to term until the 4th day of May, 1903, when its trial was commenced before the judge without a jury. The decision was announced, and judgment rendered therein in behalf of appellants, on June 18, 1903."
The evidence established the profits that would have accrued to Ben C. Jones Co. upon each volume, if they had been permitted to publish them under the terms of the contract.
The defendants pleaded the above judgment as a bar to this suit. The trial court submitted the issues in favor of the plaintiffs, with the restriction that no recovery could be had for any breach which occurred prior to the rendition of judgment in the former suit if plaintiffs knew of such breach at the date of that judgment. A verdict was rendered in favor of Ben C. Jones Co. for the profits on volume 30 of the Court of Civil Appeals Reports, that being the only volume for which the manuscript was received by the defendants after the trial of the former suit and before November 1, 1903. Ben C. Jones Co. appealed, and the defendants below filed cross-assignments of error. The Court of Civil Appeals affirmed the judgment of the District Court. Both parties applied for writs of error, which were granted.
The trial court and the Court of Civil Appeals correctly held the instrument sued upon to be an entire contract with provisions for its performance by instalments at different times, but erred in holding that the judgment rendered in the former suit barred a recovery upon causes of action which accrued under the contract subsequent to the institution of the first suit and prior to the judgment rendered therein. Those courts held, in effect, that it was the duty of the plaintiffs in the former suit to file an amendment to their petition, by which they would have introduced all causes of action arising subsequent to the date of its filing.
This was a continuing contract, and a failure of the Gammel Book Co., and others connected with it, to perform any one of the things contracted for by the terms of the contract, was a partial breach thereof, and constituted a separate and independent cause of action, for each of which an action might have been instituted. (24 Am. Eng. Ency. Law, p. 790 (bb), p. 791 (dd); Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U.S. 351; Howe v. Harding,84 Tex. 74; Menges v. Milton Piano Co., 70 S.W. Rep., 250; Davis v. Brown, 36 S.W. Rep., 540.) If the entire contract had been broken by the one act but one action could have been maintained therefor.
It is true that, under our system of practice, the plaintiffs might have amended their petition, and have introduced into that suit all causes of *Page 332 action which had accrued under that contract, but there is no rule of practice that required that they should do so. If independent suits be filed on separate and distinct causes of action of a similar nature under our practice, the defendant may secure the consolidation of such causes by a motion to the court showing the propriety of so doing. In some states it has been held that a party must include in one suit all of the causes of action which have arisen under a single contract prior to the institution of the suit, if no suit be then pending for causes of action which had previously accrued. (24 Am. Eng. Ency. Law, p. 791; Lorillard v. Clyde, 122 N.Y. 41.) But we have found no authority which sustains the proposition that causes of action subsequently accruing must be introduced by amendment except Claflin v. Mather Electric Co., 87 Fed. Rep., 795, in which the litigation arose under the laws of Connecticut, and the court held that the causes of action accruing upon the contract subsequent to the institution of the suit, not having been introduced into the case, were barred by the judgment, basing the decision upon a statute of the State of Connecticut, saying: "At the time of the trial of the former action proof could have been made under an amendment of the complaint of all the damages claimed by reason of said breach. Under the provision of section 1050, General Statutes Connecticut, damages accruing upon the same cause of action subsequent to the bringing of the suit may be recovered therein." We have not before us the statute referred to, but it is evident that the decision of the learned judge was based upon that statute, else it would not have been given as a support to his conclusion.
The reason given by the authorities for holding that a judgment upon a part of a cause of action will bar a recovery as to the remainder is, that a party must prosecute his suit for the entire cause of action that he sets up, and will not be permitted to split it and present it in piecemeal. The reason upon which the rule rests shows that it can not apply to a case like this, for to split a cause of action means to divide the parts of the one thing, and can not embrace the failure to unite distinct causes of action. The trial court erred in the charges by which it limited the right of recovery on the part of plaintiffs to the causes of action accruing subsequent to the former judgment.
By their second crossassignment of error the defendants below present to this court the proposition that the contract sued upon contains no promise of either of the defendants to do any act for Ben C. Jones Co., therefore there could be no breach where there was no promise. If this were a correct construction of the instrument, it would necessarily defeat this action, but the law implies a contract on part of the Gammel Book Co., for whom the contract was made, to furnish the manuscript of the reports which that company had contracted with the State to publish and deliver to it, and which publication and delivery it secured to be done by the contract with Ben C. Jones Co. Ben C. Jones Co. agreed, within ninety days from the time when the material of each volume of the reports was delivered to them, that they would publish and deliver to the State, etc. How could Ben C. Jones Co. publish the reports and deliver them, in performance of Gammel's contract with the State, unless the manuscript prepared for such reports should be delivered to them? Their obligation was predicated upon the *Page 333 delivery to them of the manuscript prepared for the reports, and who but Gammel, or the Gammel Book Co., could furnish that material when they had a contract with the State to furnish it to them? It is clear, we think, from these provisions of this contract, that there was an implied promise on part of H.P.N. Gammel, for the Gammel Book Co., to furnish the manuscript to Ben C. Jones Co., and that the failure to perform that implied agreement constituted a cause of action just the same as if the agreement had been written into the face of the contract itself. (Stilwell v. Ocean Steamship Co., 39 N.Y. Supp., 131; Bangor Furnace Co. v. Magill, 108 Ill. 656; McCartney v. Glassford,1 Wash. 579; Minnesota Mill Co. v. Goodnow, 40 Minn. 497.)
We do not think it necessary or profitable, in this case, to discuss the several assignments by Ben C. Jones Co., or the crossassignments by the Gammel Book Co. and others. For the error committed by the court in the submission of the cause to the jury, as above indicated, the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.