Appellee Margaret J. Mitchell filed suit in trespass to try title against William B. Mitchell, Charles S. Mitchell, H.Z. Mitchell, Elizabeth A. Mitchell, Laura B. Mitchell, a minor, Mary C. Burbank and her husband H.C. Burbank, Jennie C. Walton and her husband C. Walton, and William R. Johnson, temporary administrator of the estate of J.S. Mitchell, to recover certain real property in Galveston. Judgment was rendered for appellee. *Page 108
All of the defendants except Laura B. Mitchell appeared and answered by a general demurrer and plea of not guilty. Subsequently the defendants Johnson and Elizabeth A. Mitchell filed amended pleadings as follows:
Defendant W.R. Johnson, temporary administrator of the estate of J.S. Mitchell, deceased, answered "not guilty,"and filed an exhibit of the funds by him received and disbursed for account of said estate.
Elizabeth A. Mitchell pleaded in abatement that before suit was brought appellee had conveyed one-fourth part of the premises sued for to Willie, Mott Ballinger, and F.D. Minor, who owned and claimed such interest and should be parties defendant to the suit. And that these facts were unknown to Elizabeth A. Mitchell until after filing her original answer in the suit, and that she pleaded the matter on first opportunity after learning it. She further pleaded that appellee derived title, if any she had, to the property sued for through her (appellee's) deceased husband, James S. Mitchell, who acquired said property during his marriage with plaintiff. That James S. Mitchell by last will probated in a court of competent jurisdiction in Stearns County, Minnesota, provided that appellee should take the property involved in this suit upon condition that she should accept the same in lieu of all rights which by the laws of Minnesota she would have in the testator's estate, real and personal, and if she should not within such time as might be fixed by the court (meaning a reasonable time) or by law relinquish all her rights under the statute and accept the provisions of the will in lieu thereof, such provision should be null and void and she should receive only such part of his estate as under the laws of descent and distribution she would be entitled to, and all property so intended to be devised to her by said provision, if the same were not so accepted by her and her other rights relinquished, were by the will devised to the defendant Elizabeth A. Mitchell. That though a reasonable time had elapsed since the probate of the will, appellee had failed to make the election imposed upon her by the will as a condition of her taking the property herein sued for, but had sought and was still seeking to avoid making such election and was contesting the probate of the will by proceedings in the Supreme Court of Minnesota, which would be finally heard in said court at its October session, 1889, when and where it was alleged said will would in all probability be finally adjudicated valid as against the contest of appellee. Said defendant charged that the purpose of this suit, pending the contest of said will, was to enable plaintiff by obtaining judgment in this suit to plead the same as res judicata against this defendant, when under the provisions of said will she should make claim to said property as reverting to her through the rejection of the terms of the will by appellee, and so appellee would be enabled to reject the will and at the same time claim the property under judgment of this court, obtained before said will could be regarded *Page 109 as finally established, all of which was contrary to equity and good conscience. She prayed that this suit be stayed until the contest of said will should be determined, or if the court should rule otherwise, then that it be on condition that the proceedings in this suit should be without prejudice to the rights of said defendant under said will whenever the contest should be determined, and that the proceedings in this suit should be so ordered and directed as to leave open the right of this defendant to claim under the will when finally established. She also pleaded "not guilty" and a general denial.
Appellee demurred and excepted to the special pleas of Elizabeth A. Mitchell, because the plea of non-joinder came too late after answer to the merits, and no sufficient reason was shown why it was not earlier filed; and further, because it was otherwise insufficient in law and because the plea for stay of proceedings could not affect the issues in this suit, and because the will had not been probated in this State, and she also traversed the facts alleged in said pleas and pleaded a release to her by Willie, Mott Ballinger and F.D. Minor of their interests in the property sued for. The court sustained appellee's demurrers.
Laura B. Mitchell answered "not guilty" by guardian ad litem appointed by the court.
Upon the verdict of a jury judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff for all of the land in controversy against all of the defendants.
Plaintiff's contention was that the property in controversy was purchased during her marriage with J.S. Mitchell by the said J.S. Mitchell; that while the deeds for the property were made to her husband the purchase money belonged to her separate estate, and that the lands were purchased for her separately and never became the community property of herself and her husband.
The plaintiff before her marriage to J.S. Mitchell was a widow and had some separate property. She was merchandising, conducting a retail produce business. The evidence indicates that before he married plaintiff J.S. Mitchell had very little if any capital. Subsequent to his marriage he conducted a retail produce mercantile business under the style of J. S. Mitchell Co., in which plaintiff claimed that she owned the capital.
The court did not err in sustaining the plaintiff's exceptions to the pleadings of the defendant Elizabeth S. Mitchell. If the plaintiff succeeds in establishing her title to the whole of the property in controversy as her separate property, her title can not be affected by any disposition made of it by her husband's will. What effect her claiming the property in controversy and establishing her title to it may have upon her right to take property belonging to the estate of her husband and devised to her by his will is not an issue in this suit. If any of the property in controversy belongs to the estate of plaintiff's deceased husband and shall not be recovered by her in this suit, the rights of *Page 110 his other devisees, if they shall succeed in establishing his will against the opposition of the plaintiff, will not be prejudiced by the result of this suit. If it be conceded that Willie, Mott Ballinger and Minor own an undivided one-fourth interest in the property in controversy and are tenants in common with the plaintiff, that presents no reason why she may not prosecute this suit to a final judgment. It has been repeatedly held by this court that one tenant in common may maintain an action of trespass to try title against a trespasser without joining his cotenants.
Appellants complain of the following proceedings in the District Court: "The court proceeded to impanel a jury to try the cause from the regular panel for the week during which the cause was called for trial. Challenges to said panel for cause were made and allowed; the remaining jurors, twenty in number, were regularly drawn by the clerk and written as drawn upon several suits of paper which were delivered to the attorneys for the parties to the suit, as provided in articles 3088, 3089, and 3090 of the Revised Statutes. The attorneys made their peremptory challenges to the jurors by erasing from said lists the names of the jurors so peremptorily challenged. The lists were returned to the clerk and the names of the jurors not erased were called off, ten in number, the defendants having peremptorily challenged five of the jurors so drawn. The court ordered the sheriff to summon two talesmen to complete the jury, and the talesmen having been summoned and reported the defendants demanded that their names should be drawn and lists thereof made as in the case of the regular jurors so drawn, and that the defendants be permitted to exercise the right of peremptory challenge upon the two talesmen so far as said right had not previously been exhausted as stated. The court refused the demand in every part and denied the defendants the right of peremptory challenge upon the talesmen so summoned, though defendants had only challenged peremptorily five of the jurors offered to be impaneled, and ordered the two talesmen so summoned to be sworn and impaneled to complete the jury, and it was accordingly done."
The defendants were entitled to six peremptory challenges. Rev. Stats., art. 3084. The statute directs that the names of the jurors shall be drawn by the clerk from the box, and that he shall write their names as drawn upon several slips of paper, which he shall deliver to each of the parties or their attorneys; that when in the District Court there shall not be as many as twelve drawn from the box other qualified persons shall be summoned to complete the panel, "and the names of such persons so summoned shall be placed in the box and drawn and entered upon slips as provided in the preceding article;" that when in the District Court as many as twelve are drawn, and the slips containing their names are delivered to the parties, challenges for cause shall be made if desired; that if the number of jurors is reduced to less than twelve *Page 111 by challenges for cause other jurors shall be drawn or summoned and entered upon the slips in place of those who have been set aside for cause; that if there remain on the slips after the erasure of those who are challenged for cause twelve names "the parties shall proceed to make their peremptory challenges if they desire to make any;" that "when by peremptory challenges the jury is left incomplete the court shall direct such number of other jurors to be drawn or summoned, as the case may be, as the court may consider sufficient to complete the jury, and the same proceedings shall be had in selecting and impaneling such jurors as are had in the first instance."
The statute plainly requires the same proceedings with regard to the talesmen as are taken in impaneling the other jurors. This includes the right of peremptory challenge if the number permitted has not been already exhausted. The names of the talesmen not being before the party when he passes upon the original list, he has then no opportunity for objecting to a juryman so summoned. With the knowledge that it may become necessary to summon talesmen a party may very properly, when passing upon the original list, exercise the precaution of reserving a challenge, lest upon the list of talesmen he may find a more objectionable juror, not subject to challenge for cause, than any on the original list.
The question here presented arises upon a state of facts different from those in the case of Snow v. Starr, 75 Tex. 414 [75 Tex. 414].
There was no error in permitting the plaintiff to testify in her own behalf over the objection of the defendant Elizabeth A. Mitchell, based upon article 2248 of the Revised Statutes. The party making the objection was interested and defending only as a devisee under the will of James S. Mitchell. This court decided in the case of Newton v. Newton, 77 Tex. 508 that in that capacity she does not come within the provisions of said article. The same objection was made, and by the same party, to the admission of the testimony of the defendant Laura A. Mitchell who was called to testify by the plaintiff. The objection with regard to her evidence was not good in any aspect of the case and was properly overruled.
The court charged the jury as follows:
"Community property is that which is acquired by the husband and wife during marriage. Separate property is that which the husband or wife owned at the time or the marriage, and such as is by either of them got during marriage by gift, devise, or descent.
"Where property is purchased during marriage with the separate means of either husband or wife, it still remains the separate property of the spouse whose separate means were so used in the purchase.
"All rents derived from the separate property of either of the spouses is community property, and all moneys and property made in *Page 112 commercial transactions by either husband or wife is community property.
"Where deeds to property are made to either husband or wife during marriage, such property is presumed by law to be community property, which presumption has to be overcome by evidence reasonably satisfactory to the jury. The burden of proof is on the plaintiff Mrs. M.J. Mitchell to prove to your satisfactory belief that the property deeded to her husband was paid for by the separate means, or money, or property of Mrs. M.J. Mitchell, or that the purchase was intended to be in payment by the husband to his wife for her separate property, or money used, or owing by him to his wife, and all property purchased with such separate means, or purchased with intent to pay the wife for her separate means, would be her separate property. Where separate property in city lots is purchased in such a way as to be separate property, and then resold at a profit, the proceeds of such resale would be separate property.
"The profits made in the mercantile business during marriage, after deducting the family expenses, would be community property.
"The only property in controversy in this suit is the lots and improvements in the city of Galveston as described in the petition, and whatever may be the plaintiff's separate rights therein the will of her husband can not defeat, neither can the will defeat any community rights of the wife in said property. If any of the lots in controversy in this suit were purchased with the separate means of the plaintiff, or purchased with intent on the part of the husband to repay his wife for her separate means used by him, and the husband executed his own notes for the deferred payments, and such notes were paid with the wife's separate means, such property so purchased would be the separate property of the wife."
The submission of special issues to the jury was a matter within the discretion of the court, and we do not think that there was any error in the submission of the cause to the jury in this respect.
Appellants complain of the refusal of the court to charge the jury at the request of the defendant Elizabeth A. Mitchell as follows: "That the plaintiff claimed the property sued for as her separate estate, though acquired during her marriage with J.S. Mitchell. That the law presumes all property acquired during marriage is community property, to whomsoever the conveyance was made, but such presumption may be rebutted by clear and satisfactory proof that the property was purchased with funds belonging to the separate estate of the wife, but if in fact it was not so purchased it would be nevertheless community property and the husband's statements to the contrary would be simply regarded as untrue. Acts of ownership by the husband, such as disposing of the property by will and otherwise dealing with the property as his own and subject to his disposition, are proper to be considered by the jury *Page 113 in rebuttal of statements made by the husband while living and tending to show that the property was separate estate of the wife."
The charge given by the court fully and clearly explained to the jury the distinction between separate and community property, and made it unnecessary, if not improper, to give so much of the charge requested as correctly stated the law. It was unnecessary and would have been improper for the court to have singled out and given as a charge the acts of ownership referred to in the charge requested, even if it had embodied a correct proposition of law, which we do not think it did in every particular. We do not think that the act of the husband in disposing of the property by his will ought to be received as evidence that the property belonged to his community estate and was not the separate property of the wife. And certainly such evidence, if admitted, should not be singled out by a charge. We can see no reason why an issue between the wife and the heirs or devisees of the husband as to whether the property in controversy belongs to her separate or to the community estate of herself and husband should not be determined as other issues by a preponderance of evidence. Prather v. Wilkens,68 Tex. 190; Torrey v. Cameron, 73 Tex. 583 [73 Tex. 583]; Neyland v. Bendy, 69 Tex. 711; Howard v. Zimpelman, 14 S.W. Rep., 59.
The charge requested, that "clear and satisfactory proof" was required to rebut the presumption in favor of the community estate, was properly refused. A better statement to the jury of the rule is the one included in the charge given by the court that "where deeds to property are made either to husband or wife during marriage such property is presumed by law to be community property, which presumption has to be overcome by evidence reasonably satisfactory to the jury."
The court refused to give the following charge at the request of the defendant Elizabeth A. Mitchell: "Under the laws of Texas a married woman is incapable of carrying on alone, or through or with her husband or any other agent or person, a mercantile business, even though she may have owned a part or the whole of said business at the date of her marriage, or though her funds may have been invested in such business in any other form at the date of such marriage. The law regards such business carried on during the marriage as the business of the husband transacted for account of the community estate, and if at the date of the marriage or subsequently the separate funds of the wife are invested in such business, and become in the course of such business incapable of exact and precise identification, then the community estate simply becomes the debtor of the wife for the amount of the funds so invested, and the assets of the business become community property."
Much evidence was introduced during the trial with regard to profits of the mercantile business conducted by the husband under the firm name and style of J. S. Mitchell Co. Evidence was introduced tending *Page 114 to show that the wife's capital was invested in the business and also that she was a partner in it. We think the refused charge embraces correct propositions of law and that it should have been given. Smith v. Bailey, 66 Tex. 554; Epperson v. Jones, 65 Tex. 427; Claflin v. Pfeiffer,76 Tex. 469; Middebrook v. Zapp, 73 Tex. 29.
As the court had charged that "all moneys and property made in commercial transactions by either husband or wife is community property," and in effect that property paid for with the separate means of the wife, or purchased for her by her husband as an intended payment for her separate property or money used by him, would be the separate property of the wife, we can not see how the omission to give the charge could, under the facts proved, have properly changed the result.
The effect of the decisions holding that a married woman can not be interested with her husband as a partner in conducting a mercantile business is to make her a creditor of her husband for the amount of her separate estate invested in the business. The court in effect charged that the land in controversy was the separate property of the wife if it was either paid for by her separate means or was for her by her husband, who was her debtor, for the purpose of discharging the debt. The requested charge should not have been given in this case without such additional charge.
We do not think that the court committed an error by refusing to give the following charge at the request of the defendant Elizabeth A. Mitchell: "This is not an action to enforce against the property involved in this suit the claims or debts of plaintiff against her deceased husband or his property or the community property of plaintiff and her deceased husband; such claims or debts, if any plaintiff has, are to be enforced in another proceeding. This suit is based solely on the claim of plaintiff to the property as her own, and not as that of James S. Mitchell, and if under the instructions given you you find that plaintiff has claims against her deceased husband for money loaned or other property of plaintiff appropriated by him, the existence of such claims affords no ground for plaintiff to recover the property sued for."
The court had already correctly and sufficiently explained to the jury what the issues were that they were to decide, and under that condition if not generally the charge refused partook too much of the character of an argument to be properly given.
The court very properly refused to charge that plaintiff's causing an administration to be opened upon the estate of James S. Mitchell, and the property to be placed in the hands of the administrator so appointed, would have in law the effect of estopping her from recovering such property as her separate estate.
The deeds to the land were in the name of James S. Mitchell. Whether it could be properly administered in his name or not, we see *Page 115 no reason for attaching to such acts of the surviving wife so grave a consequence as the forfeiture of her title to the property, if it was in fact owned by her.
The appellant complains that "the court erred in its charge to the jury in this, that the said charge assumes as proved that Mrs. Margaret J. Mitchell had separate means at the date of the purchase of the property sued for, or that J.S. Mitchell had used plaintiff's separate means so as to make himself or the community estate liable therefor to plaintiff, and charged the jury upon such assumption as a basis for a finding by the jury that the property sued for had been purchased with the separate means of plaintiff, or that James S. Mitchell purchased the property with intent there by to discharge such liability of himself or of the community estate, and the charge failed to submit the matters so assumed as substantial issues upon which the jury should find from the evidence."
We do not think that the charge is justify subject to the criticism contained in the objection. On the contrary we think that it leaves the facts referred to to be found from the evidence by the jury.
The defendant Laura Mitchell was the daughter of plaintiff by a previous marriage. She had been lawfully adopted by James S. Mitchell as his heir. She was not mentioned as a devisee in the will of said Mitchell. She was made a defendant by the plaintiff and the record fails to disclose any identity of interest between her and her codefendants. She defended by a guardian ad litem, and the court allowed the guardian a fee of $100, which was ordered to be taxed as part of the costs against all of the defendants. We think this was error. As the cost was incurred at the instance of the plaintiff it should have been taxed against her when the minor defendant failed to recover property out of which it could be paid.
It is urged that the judgment was erroneous as to the defendants H.Z. Mitchell, William B. Mitchell, Charles S. Mitchell, Mary C. Burbank, H.C. Burbank, Jennie G. Walton, and C. Walton, because "no proof of title was made prior to James S. Mitchell, nor was it shown that the above named defendants claimed title as heirs, devisees or otherwise under James S. Mitchell or any other common source of title." It was incumbent upon the plaintiff to establish her title from the government or from a common source. None of the defendants disclaimed but all pleaded not guilty. Neither the administrator of James S. Mitchell nor the defendant Laura Mitchell appealed from the judgment. The plaintiff did not pretend to prove title beyond James S. Mitchell. The will or said Mitchell was introduced in evidence and in it all of said defendants except H.Z. Mitchell are mentioned as devisees upon certain contingencies. We think the will was sufficient evidence of common source as to all mentioned in it to make the rule of common source apply to them. In the absence of evidence of title in the plaintiff from the sovereignty of the soil or evidence showing that *Page 116 he claims under a common source, we do not think a recovery against the defendant H.Z. Mitchell was proper.
Over the objection of the defendant Elizabeth A. Mitchell plaintiff was permitted to read in evidence letters of J.S. Mitchell written to appellee during their marriage and having reference to the business carried on in Galveston, to show that in 1884, 1885, and 1886 said business was unprofitable. Defendant Elizabeth A. Mitchell objected thereto because such communications between husband and wife were privileged by law and it was beyond the power of appellee to waive such privilege, and further because said letters were irrelevant.
In Wharton's Law of Evidence it is said: "Independent of the question of interest the law, in view of the high importance of preserving intact the confidence and security of the marriage state, regards confidential communications between husband and wife as privileged, and refuses to permit either to be interrogated as to what occurred in their confidential intercourse during their marital relations." Sec. 427.
"When the relationship has ceased by death or by divorce the wife * * * is precluded from testifying his to information derived confidentially during marital intercourse. It is otherwise as to non-confidential information." Sec. 429.
Article 2247 of the Revised Statutes reads as follows: "The husband or wife of a party to a suit or proceeding, or who is interested in the issue to be tried, shall not be incompetent to testify therein except as to confidential communications between such husband and wife." The purpose and effect of this statute is to make husbands and wives competent witnesses in every particular except to disclose confidential communications between themselves. That, and that alone, is not permitted. The only question to be determined in any case is, whether the evidence proposed was a confidential communication between a husband and wife. That must be determined either by the subject matter of the communication or the circumstances under which it is made, or by both. Whatever difficulties may exist in laying down a general rule by which to decide when such communications should be treated as confidential, we are of the opinion that letters from a husband to his wife of the character of those now in question should be so treated. We do not think that the death of one of the parties destroys the privilege nor that there exists any difference between verbal and written communications. The wife should no more be permitted to disclose a confidential communication written to her by her husband by introducing his letters in evidence than she should be to testify to confidential statements made to her in conversation with him. We think that the letters should have been excluded.
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
Delivered March 3, 1891. *Page 117