From conviction in Criminal District Court No. 2, of Dallas County, for murder, with punishment fixed at death, this appeal is taken.
Mr. Champion, assistant jailer in the Dallas county jail, was shot in the back and killed on the sixth floor of said jail on September 26, 1923. The killing grew out of an attempted jail delivery *Page 237 participated in by appellant and one Gaines, the latter being killed by officers who came presently to the scene and who testified in detail to the battle with Gaines and appellant upon their arrival. Two pistols had been smuggled into the jail, one an automatic 32, and the other a 38 special revolver. The 38 was found by the body of Gaines, and the automatic by appellant, who was wounded in said battle. Deceased told said officers that he was going to die, that Pete Welk (appellant) shot him in the back. Inmates of the jail described the attack on Mr. Champion by Gaines and appellant, and affirmed that because apparently of the jailer's refusal to deliver to them a key which was necessary to effect their escape, Welk shot the officer with the automatic pistol as the latter threw the key out at a window. Death resulted the same night. Appellant did not testify herein, but introduced one Hadley as his only witness, who stated that he was an inmate of the jail and cell-mate with appellant. This witness testified in effect that Gaines shot Mr. Champion, and his evidence tended to show that appellant had taken no part in the matter until after Mr. Champion was shot. Upon predicates properly laid this witness was impeached by proof of statements at variance with his testimony. Other matters of testimony may be presented in our discussion of the legal questions raised.
Appellant sought a change of venue, which application was controverted by the State in an attack upon the means of knowledge of his two compurgators. The learned trial judge heard evidence. Most of the witnesses favorable to appellant lived in one community in Dallas county, a rural community in the northeast part of said county, and most, if not all, of them avowed their lack of knowledge of the attitude of prospective jurors in other parts of the county. Several of appellant's witnesses upon this point averred their belief that he could obtain a fair trial in Dallas county. It was in testimony that in said county there were about seventy-five thousand possible jurors, and all the witnesses for the State testified that a fair and impartial trial could be had therein. The books are full of decisions on the subject and we do not deem it necessary to discuss them here. The burden of showing that the venue should be changed is placed by law upon the accused, and the rule is well settled that unless it is clear that the judicial discretion of the trial court has been abused, a reversal will not be ordered. The authorities seem in accord and need no citation.
Appellant asked for a continuance to obtain three witnesses. His bill of exceptions complaining of the refusal of his application is qualified by the statement that all three of said witnesses were present at the trial and were tendered to appellant. Another application was made for continuance during the trial apparently on the ground of surprise at the testimony of a State witness, it being asserted that the witness had made a statement to the attorney *Page 238 of appellant, variant from his testimony. Neither the application made during the trial, nor the bill of exceptions to its refusal shows how appellant could have been advantaged by a postponement or continuance of the case. The witness in question admitted that he did wrongly inform appellant's counsel, but gave as his reason that he was at the time in the same part of the jail as the appellant and that he was afraid to tell appellant's counsel the truth. Nothing is averred as to the expectation of ability of appellant to obtain by a postponement any fact or facts contrary to those revealed by the testimony of said witness. Having admitted that he had falsified, no effort was further made to impeach said witness, and we perceive no error in overruling either application for continuance.
In the development of its case the State showed that at the time of the commission of this offense appellant was confined in the county jail on a charge of murder, to which testimony objection was made on the ground that this was proof of an extraneous crime, was hearsay, and prejudicial to appellant. The evidence was admitted to show motive. It seems reasonable. One casually in jail would not likely kill his jailer in an effort to get out. One charged with a misdemeanor would hardly go to the lengths to effect escape as might one confined on a felony charge — and this would seem especially true if the felony be of the grave character of murder. It is held by this court that proof of extraneous crimes becomes admissible when same shows a motive. Hamblin v. State, 41 Tex. Crim. 140; Smith v. State, 44 Tex.Crim. Rep.; Renfro v. State, 42 Tex.Crim. Rep.; Morrison v. State, 40 Tex. Crim. 473; Johnson v. State, 29 Texas Crim. App., 150; Chandler v. State, 60 Tex.Crim. Rep.. The proof in the instant case on this point went no further than to show that appellant was held under a charge of murder. Mr. Branch cites many cases in his Annotated P. C., Sec. 1880, upholding the admissibility of such proof when material to show motive.
In the charge of the learned trial court appears the following:
"Now, I instruct you that if you consider said evidence that he was so confined upon the charge of murder for any purpose at all, you will only consider it for the purpose of aiding you, if it does aid you, in determining the motive or intent with which the defendant acted at the time the said Willis Champion was killed, if he was, and for no other purpose."
This was excepted to as being on the weight of the evidence — as being an instruction in effect that appellant being held on a charge of murder, was the motive for the homicide — and that same was a virtual instruction that appellant did kill deceased. We think analysis of the charge quoted reveals the lack of merit in these contentions. Other exceptions to the charge were based on its failure to *Page 239 submit the issue of coercion of appellant by Gaines. That no issue need be submitted unless raised by the testimony is the plain holding of this court in many cases. Appellant's testimony tending to raise this issue must be derived solely from that of his witness Hadley. After stating that he was being put back in jail by deceased at the time of the attack, and that Gaines with a pistol ordered deceased to "leave go that door" and that Gaines by his efforts kept the door open, and that deceased started around the cell, said witness referring for the first time to appellant, said:
"Pete Welk was standing here by the sink, leaning on a table like this, with his arm up like that, and George turned around and says, 'Come out of there, Pete,' and Pete walked out and George turned again to Captain Champion, who was going down this corridor this way. I was standing back over here against the wall, and I turned my head just about a second like that and the shot was fired. When Pete walked out, George said, 'Get those trusties.' When Pete came out of the cells Gaines was right along here, and Mr. Champion was right about here. When George said 'Get those trusties,' Pete ran over her, and I seen him start in the hospital. I could not say what kind of a gun Gaines had when he shot Champion, but I know it wasn't no large gun like a 45 or anything like that. I ran around here and down this corridor and squatted down, then I came out around here and George came up with Champion like this, holding his collar and ramming him with his gun. I don't know where Pete Welk was at that time. Later Pete came from around here somewhere, I don't know where, but he came by me here holding his gun like this, and says 'Get back around there.' I says, 'Pete, you know me,' and he said, 'I know you, but it is best for you to go back around there.' That is the last time I saw Pete until I saw him lying out here under the steps; that was after the officers had come in. George was in the hospital the last time I saw him; he was dead at that time."
As we understand this it seems an effort on the part of appellant to show he took no part in the homicide, and not to show that he aided in same but was forced so to do by Gaines. We find nothing in this testimony reasonably indicating coercion or duress on the part of Gaines, and think the charge not open to the exception. Art. 44 of our Penal Code, on the subject under discussion, provides that in order to avoid liability for acts done under duress — threats or actual violence toward the party claiming to be so coerced or forced to act, must be shown. If threats are relied on they must be, first, the infliction of death or personal injury; second, such as are calculated to intimidate a person of ordinary firmness. Applying what is said in this article to the facts in the instant case, we observe no proof of any threat or violence to appellant *Page 240 by Gaines, and therefore need go no further in a discussion of the proposition raised.
The State laid proper predicates for the impeachment of the witness Hadley, by asking him with reference to statements made by him at variance with his testimony as given on the witness stand, and upon his denial of such statements witnesses were introduced who swore that Hadley had so stated to them. This testimony was admissible and was properly limited in the charge of the learned trial court.
Serious complaint is made of the refusal of the sheriff of Dallas county to permit counsel who had been appointed to represent appellant, to see him until the 17th of October, the trial being set for October 22nd. We regret that on the facts this matter seems in some confusion. From the affidavit of appellant's counsel appended to his motion for new trial we learn that said counsel was appointed to represent appellant on October 8th, and made six several demands upon the sheriff for permission to see appellant before he was accorded the privilege on the 17th of said month, as stated above. The affidavit of the sheriff which is appended to the State's reply to appellant's motion for new trial, sets out that appellant was confined in jail on a murder charge prior to the killing of the assistant jailer on September 26th, and that he was represented in said former murder case by counsel of his own choice. That the killing of Mr. Champion resulted from the use of two pistols which had been secretly smuggled into the jail, and that at once after said homicide investigation was set on foot by the Dallas county authorities with a view of ascertaining how said weapons got into the jail. Gaines was dead and the chief hope of finding the answer to said inquiry lay in appellant. Said affidavit states that appellant's attorney in the former case was acting for him and was negotiating with the State in an effort to secure an agreement on behalf of appellant that in return for information regarding the manner in which said weapons got into the jail, appellant's punishment in the instant case should be no more than life imprisonment. Said affidavit further states that when the attorney appointed to represent appellant in this case consulted the jailer with reference to seeing appellant in jail, the officer informed said attorney of the investigation which was then proceeding and told him what he was doing, and that it seemed agreeable to said attorney to delay seeing appellant in view of the facts stated.
In connection with the facts made apparent by said affidavit, our attention is also called to the proposition that following the consultation between appellant and said counsel on the 17th of October, an application was made for three witnesses, but all of them were present at the trial. Our Constitution guarantees to *Page 241 every accused person the right to be heard by himself or counsel, or both. Sec. 10, Art. 1, Constitution of Texas. No complaint is made of any abridgment of this right at the time, or during the actual trial, nor was there request for postponement or continuance in order to have opportunity for such consultation.
As persuasive we are referred to Art. 558 of our C. C. P., which provides that counsel shall be appointed for accused persons in capital cases, but in said article it is stated as follows: "and the counsel so appointed shall have at least one day to prepare for trial." Arbitrary refusal to allow one accused of crime the right to confer with counsel would merit, and should receive, severe condemnation, and if on appeal such fact be shown and that a postponement or continuance for the purpose of such consultation was refused, we think the case should be sent back for another trial; but the reasons advanced in the showing made by the State in this case, seem to support the conclusion that the denial was not arbitrary and that appellant was in conference with an attorney of his own choosing who was seeking to perfect for him an advantageous settlement of his case, and who to this extent was representing his interests. We also appear bound by the further conclusion that nothing in the record suggests that from lack of conference with his attorney appointed herein prior to October 17th, injury may have resulted. The only witnesses desired were present. Appellant was in jail when this offense was committed, and remained there continuously up to his trial and in consequence could know nothing by personal investigation of the attitude of the jurors of the county, in order to aid his counsel in the matter of change of venue. The killing grew out of no complicated of protracted feud, business or domestic trouble, or personal enmity, requiring extended inquiries and explanations and frequent conferences.
From no angle of approach can we see possible injury reflected in this record from lack of earlier conference, and in such case, added to the fact that it is not clearly shown that the refusal was arbitrary, we do not believe we would be justified in holding that this case should be reversed for such refusal alone.
Finding no error in the record, an affirmance will be ordered.
Affirmed.
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING.