United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS September 29, 2005
FIFTH CIRCUIT
Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
No. 02-41690
GILBERT ROY GOODWIN,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
DOUG DRETKE, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE,
CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS DIVISION,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas
(1:02-CV-578)
Before BARKSDALE, GARZA, and STEWART, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Claiming his parole-denial violated the United States
Constitution’s Ex Post Facto Clause, Gilbert Goodwin, Texas
prisoner # 749472, appeals, pro se, the denial of federal habeas
relief. AFFIRMED.
I.
In 1993, Goodwin was convicted in Texas state court of felony
aggravated sexual assault. He has been denied parole twice, in
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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1999 and 2001. On 25 June 2002, more than a year after the second
parole-denial, Goodwin filed a state habeas application, claiming:
the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles denied him parole using a
procedure enacted after the commission of his offense, thereby
violating the Ex Post Facto Clause. U.S. CONST. art. I, § 9, cl.
3. Pursuant to a recommendation by the state habeas trial court
(without findings and conclusions), the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals on 14 August 2002, without written order, denied his
application.
Later that month, Goodwin sought federal habeas relief,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The State was not served. Instead,
the district court denied relief, adopting the magistrate judge’s
report and recommendation which stated, inter alia, that the
“parole review process is a procedural change that could not
reasonably be considered substantial from the perspective of the
defendant at the time the offense was committed” and, therefore,
did not violate the Ex Post Facto clause.
In addition, the district court denied Goodwin a certificate
of appealability (COA). Our court granted a COA and ordered
additional briefing on: whether the change in the parole-voting
requirement violated the Ex Post Facto clause; and, sua sponte,
whether Goodwin’s appeal would be moot if he were released from
prison.
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Goodwin’s habeas petition having been denied by the district
court without the State being served, the State’s first appearance
was in response to this appeal. The State claims, inter alia, a
time-bar. Because the record was not sufficient to decide that
claim, we retained jurisdiction and remanded to the district court
for it to decide the time-bar claim under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D)
(one-year limitations period may begin to run on the date the
factual predicate of the claim could have been discovered through
the exercise of due diligence). Goodwin v. Dretke, No. 02-41690
(5th Cir. 29 June 2004) (Goodwin I). Instead, apparently applying
§ 2244(d)(1)(A) (one year period may begin to run the date the
judgment becomes final), the district court ruled Goodwin’s claim
was time barred. Accordingly, concerning the second (2001) parole-
denial, we again remanded for a determination of the time-bar claim
under subpart (D). Goodwin v. Dretke, No. 02-41690 (5th Cir. 16
December 2004) (Goodwin II).
Following our second remand, an evidentiary hearing was held
to determine when, pursuant to subpart (D), Goodwin could have
discovered the factual predicate of his claim through the exercise
of due diligence. Adopting the magistrate judge’s report and
recommendation, the district court made the following factual
findings and ruled that, concerning the 2001 parole-denial,
Goodwin’s claim was not time barred: “1) [Goodwin] did not receive
official notice that his parole application was denied; (2) [he]
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discovered on July 1, 2001 that his parole application was denied
after a visit with family members; (3) [Goodwin] could have
discovered, by exercising due diligence, on July 1, 2001 that his
second parole application had been denied; (4) [he] could not have
discovered the factual basis of his claims until July 12, 2001, the
earliest he could have received a copy of the minute sheet by
exercising due diligence; (5) [he] placed his federal petition in
the prison mail system on August 20, 2002; and (6) the petition is
not barred by the statute of limitations.”
II.
At issue are: (1) whether Goodwin’s federal habeas petition
is time-barred; and (2) if not, whether the parole-voting-
procedure change violated the Ex Post Facto clause. (Because
Goodwin is not due for release until March 2006, he and the State
did not brief the other issue for which we granted COA - whether
his appeal would be moot if he were released. For the same reason,
we need not address it.)
A.
For the State’s time-bar claim, the district court’s findings
of fact are reviewed for clear error; its conclusions of law, de
novo. E.g., Foster v. Johnson, 293 F.3d 766, 776 (5th Cir.), cert.
denied, 537 U.S. 1054 (2002).
In May 1991, when Goodwin committed the sexual assault for
which he was convicted, parole decisions were made by panels of
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three Board members and required a majority vote. TEX. CRIM. PROC.
art. 42.18 § 7(e) (Vernon 1991). A new procedure, enacted in 1995,
required the votes of two-thirds of the entire Board (15 members)
to grant parole. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 508.046 (Vernon 2001).
The new procedure was used for both of Goodwin’s parole-
denials (1999 and 2001). Goodwin does not contend he would have
been granted parole in his first hearing under the former
procedure. Rather, he contends: the voting records from his June
2001 parole-denial indicate all three members who would have been
assigned to review him under the former procedure voted in favor of
parole; therefore, he would have been granted parole under that
procedure. According to Goodwin, using the new procedure for his
2001 parole proceeding violated the Ex Post Facto Clause because it
increased his sentence. Therefore, he maintains his habeas claim
did not arise until his second parole-denial (June 2001).
Because Goodwin filed his § 2254 habeas petition after the
effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
(AEDPA), that Act controls. E.g., Scott v. Johnson, 227 F.3d 260,
262 (5th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 963 (2001). Under
AEDPA, there is a one-year limitations period for state prisoners’
federal petitions, which runs from the latest of four events. See
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A)-(D). Moreover, the period is tolled
while a state habeas petition for the claim is pending. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(d)(2).
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As noted, we held in Goodwin I that, for limitations purposes,
subpart (D) governs the timeliness vel non of the filing of claims
predicated on parole decisions. Accordingly, the one-year filing
period began to run on the date Goodwin could have “discovered” the
“factual predicate of [his] claim” for the parole-denial “through
the exercise of due diligence”. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D).
Following the Goodwin II remand and the evidentiary hearing held as
a result, the district court found, inter alia: Goodwin discovered
on 1 July 2001 that his parole application was denied; he placed
his petition in the prison mail system on 20 August 2002; and it is
not time-barred. Although the district court did not address
tolling, it implicitly found the limitations period was tolled from
25 June 2002 to 14 August 2002, while Goodwin’s state habeas
petition was pending. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Accordingly,
if, under § 2244(d)(1)(D), the limitations period began to run on
1 July 2001, it was tolled from 25 June to 14 August 2002, leaving
Goodwin seven days to file his federal petition; and that petition
was timely if filed by 21 August 2002, seven days after the end of
tolling. Again, Goodwin’s petition was filed on 20 August.
Goodwin concedes that, if his claim arose upon his first
parole-denial in 1999, his petition is time barred. He asserts,
however: his claim did not arise until his second denial, when he
would have been granted parole had the former procedure been used;
and the factual predicate of his claim is, therefore, the 2001
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denial. He does not challenge his first parole determination. He
asserts that, because the two parole board decisions were different
and occurred on different dates, each could be the basis of a
separate claim.
Following the district court’s ruling, we required
supplemental briefing. (Pursuant to Goodwin’s motion, we GRANT him
leave to file a supplemental reply brief and have considered it.)
In its supplemental brief, the State does not contend that, if
Goodwin’s claim arose from his second (2001) parole denial, his
claim would be barred. Rather, the State contends: because the
new parole voting requirement was first applied to Goodwin in his
1999 parole hearing, his claim arose then, and is time-barred.
It appears there is no case addressing this issue in the
parole-hearing-habeas-claim context. Based on the plain language
of subpart (D), the one year period begins to run on “the date on
which the factual predicate of the claim ... could have been
discovered through the exercise of due diligence”. 28 U.S.C. §
2244(d)(1)(D). In determining that a defendant’s claim should have
been brought as a habeas, rather than as a 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claim,
our court held: “if a prisoner is challenging the result of a
specific defective parole hearing ... and resolution would
automatically entitle him to accelerated release, then the
challenge must be pursued by writ of habeas corpus”. Allison v.
Kyle, 66 F.3d 71, 73 (5th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted).
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As stated, Goodwin does not maintain that, for the 1999 parole
hearing, he would have been entitled to release under the former
procedure. Therefore, he could not maintain a habeas claim for it.
The factual predicate for Goodwin’s habeas claim did not arise
until the 2001 parole determination. Again, the predicate is that,
under the former procedure and based on the results of the parole
board vote, Goodwin would have been released. And, the limitations
period did not begin to run on that claim until he could have
discovered, with due diligence, the predicate of that claim. As
noted, the State does not contend, nor do we find, that the
district court erred in finding that date was 1 July 2001.
Because Goodwin’s habeas claim did not arise until his second
parole hearing, he was not required to file a claim as to his first
parole-denial to preserve his rights under the Ex Post Facto Clause
for the second denial. Therefore, Goodwin’s petition is not time-
barred. (Accordingly, we need not reach Goodwin’s alternative
equitable-tolling claim.)
B.
For Goodwin’s Ex Post Facto claim, the district court’s
findings of fact are reviewed for clear error; its conclusions of
law, de novo. E.g., Foster, 293 F.3d at 776. Relief cannot be
granted under AEDPA unless the state court proceeding resulted in:
(1) “a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by
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the Supreme Court of the United States”, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); or
(2) “a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of
the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding”. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). “[T]he AEDPA inquiry is not
altered when, as in this case, state habeas relief is denied
without an opinion.” Schaetzle v. Cockrell, 343 F.3d 440, 443 (5th
Cir. 2003) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1154 (2004).
“For such a situation, our court: (1) assumes that the state court
applied the proper clearly established Federal law; and (2) then
determines whether its decision was contrary to or an objectively
unreasonable application of that law.” Id. (quotation omitted).
“Retroactive changes in laws governing parole of prisoners ...
may be violative” of the Ex Post Facto Clause. Garner v. Jones,
529 U.S. 244, 250 (2000). In determining whether the change in
Texas parole procedures violated the Ex Post Facto Clause, the
“controlling inquiry” is “whether retroactive application of the
change ... created ‘a sufficient risk of increasing the measure of
punishment attached to the covered crimes’”. Id. (quoting
California Dept. of Corr. v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499, 509 (1995)).
As both sides agree, Morales requires application of a two-part
test: (1) whether the change was retroactive; and (2) if so,
whether it created a sufficient risk of increasing punishment.
Both sides also agree that the change was retroactive. Therefore,
we must determine whether, under Garner, the rule change violates
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the Ex Post Facto Clause either facially or as applied. Garner,
529 U.S. at 255 (“When the rule does not by its own terms show a
significant risk, the respondent must demonstrate ... that its
retroactive application will result in a longer period of
incarceration than under the earlier rule.”); see also Lynce v.
Mathis, 519 U.S. 433 (1997).
The State contends: because the change does not alter the
standards for parole eligibility or the proportion of total votes
an inmate must receive to be paroled (two-thirds), it does not make
Goodwin’s punishment more severe or burdensome. Thus, according to
the State, the change does not create the requisite sufficient risk
of increased punishment.
Goodwin presents only an as-applied claim. To support his
claim that he would have been paroled following the 2001 vote had
the former procedure been used, he relies on the voting record from
that hearing, attached as an exhibit to his state habeas petition.
Relying on that exhibit, he claims three of the four Angleton Board
members voted to grant him parole. This is not evident from
reading the exhibit. At the evidentiary hearing following our
second remand (for considering only the time-bar claim and for
which Goodwin had counsel), testimony by Troy Fox, Section Director
for Review and Release Processing of the Parole Division for the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice, does support this contention.
Fox testified that three of the four parole board members from the
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Angleton Board Office, three of whom voted to parole Goodwin, would
have voted on Goodwin’s parole under the former procedure. (Fox
also testified that the “yes” vote was conditional on Goodwin’s
successful completion of an 18-month rehabilitation program for sex
offenders. According to Fox, had Goodwin successfully completed
that program, he would have been released, but not before December
2002.)
Under AEDPA, however, we must assess the reasonableness of the
state court decision in the light of the evidence that was before
it. See 28 U.S.C. 2254(d)(2). Arguably, Goodwin does not satisfy
the standard necessary for release. We need not decide that issue,
however, because Fox’s testimony was not presented in state court.
(Furthermore, his testimony was not germane to the time-bar issue
before the district court on remand.) The only evidence before the
state court concerning the second parole denial was the voting
sheet, attached by Goodwin as an exhibit to his habeas petition.
There was no evidence that the three members who voted for parole
would have been Goodwin’s panel under the former procedure.
Goodwin made only unsupported conclusory statements to that effect
before the state court. Accordingly, it was not unreasonable for
the state court to determine, based on the record before it, that,
under established federal law, Goodwin was not entitled to habeas
relief.
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III.
For the foregoing reasons, the denial of habeas relief is
AFFIRMED.
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